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Frank Woolworth, Seymour Knox, Charles Woolworth - F. W. Woolworth Co. (http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Image:Shknox-ww.jpg)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Edward A. Filene (http://www.woccu.org/press/ awards/images/filene.jpg)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sol Price

Sol Price - Co-Founder Price Club (http://www.sdsuniverse.info/ Upload/sprice170.jpg)

Jeff Brotman, Chairman, Costco

Jeff Brotman - Co-Founder Costco (http://www.waedfoundation.org/ costco/jbrotman_web.jpg)

Jim Sinegal - Co-Founder, Costco (http://www.cwu.edu/~cob/ special_events/b2b/2004-05/sinegal.jpg)

 

 

 

Don Roberto Boker (http://www.boker.net/assets/ images/Don_Roberto.JPG)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

S. S. Kresge (http://library.uncwil.edu/ archives/pap/photos/kresge.jpg)

Growth of Sears

Original Kresge in 1899 (http://i.cnn.net/money/pf/ features/ popups/kmart_sears/ origin_kmart.jpg)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Aaron Montgomery Ward

 

Mr. James Cash Penney

James Cash Penney

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Richard W. Sears - Sears, Roebuck (http://illinoisreview. typepad.com/. shared/ image.html?/photos/ uncategorized/ richardsears44_3.jpg)

Alvah C. Roebuck - Sears, Roebuck (http://illinoisreview. typepad.com/. shared/image.html?/photos/ uncategorized/ alvahroebuck55_edited.jpg)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Julius Rosenwald - Sears (http://www.searsarchives.com/ people/images/Julius Rosenwald_96.jpg)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sam M. Walton

Sam Walton (http://waltoncollege.uark.edu/ samwalton/SamWalton.jpg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

F. W. Woolworth

Frank Winfield Woolworth (http://www.nycago.org/Organs/ NYC/img/ ResWoolworthFWportrait.jpg)

RETAIL - Business History of Discounters

Interesting Dates

1872 - Aaron Montgomery Ward established first mail-order business at Clark and Kinzie Streets in Chicago, with $2,400 capital; single-sheet catalog offered 163 items; 1904 - sent 3 million catalogs (4 pounds each) to customers; 1926 - opened first retail store in Plymouth, IN; 1929 - 531 stores; 1939 - staff copywriter Robert L. May (34) created character of Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer as part of Christmas sales promotion; 1946 - 6 million copies of storybook distributed; first retailer in United States to guarantee satisfaction to his customers; 1968 - merged with Container Corp. of America , formed Marcor, Inc.; 1976 - Marcor acquired by  Mobil Oil Corp.;  1985 - catalog terminated; 1988 - acquired by senior management in a 3.8 billion leveraged buyout by senior management (largest in business history at time); December 2000 - company closed

February 22, 1879 - Frank Winfield Woolworth, sales assistant at Alexander Augsbury and William Moore's Augsbury and Moore Dry Goods Store in Watertown, NY since March 24, 1873 (Moore & Smith by 1877), opened  Great 5 Cents Store in Utica, NY with $300 credit in stock from William Moore; pledged to sell "nothing" that cost more than a nickel (had started 5 cent counter for Moore & Smith in September 1878); May 1879 - store failed - wrong location; June 21, 1879 - opened discount variety store in 14-foot storefront in Lancaster, PA (with leftover Utica stock, $300 loan from Moore);  1904 - opened some 120 stores in twenty-one states; 1911 - merged with S. H. Knox & Co. (Seymour H. Knox, cousin, 112 stores), four rival companies in $65 million deal, 596 stores; 1912 - formed F. W. Woolworth Company; went public; 1913 - built Woolworth Building in New York City; 1924 - added to Dow Jones Industrial Average (until 1997); 1997 - company closed last 400 shops; June 12, 1998 - name changed to Venator Group; June 22, 1998 - Woolworth Building sold

1882 - John G. McCrorey founded McCrory Stores  in Scottdale, PA.

1886 - Richard W. Sears founded R. W. Sears Watch Co. in North Redwood, MN; 1887 - Alvah C. Roebuck joined company as watch repairman; company relocated to Chicago; 1889 - company sold for $72,000 profit; 1891 - Sears and Roebuck re-established business partnership; 1892 - formed A.C. Roebuck Inc.; 1893 - named changed to Sears, Roebuck and Co.; 1894 - catalog of 322 pages; 1895 - Roebuck lefty company;  Julius Rosenwald became  partner; 1925 - opened first retail stores; 1926 - Allstate brand created; 1945 - sales exceeded $1 billion; 1973 - Sears Tower opened; 1981 - acquired Coldwell Banker, Dean Witter; 1985 - introduced Discover Card; 1993 -  Dean Witter spun off, 20 percent of Allstate sold, Coldwell Banker, Sears Mortgage Banking Group sold; 2002 - acquired Lands' End (largest specialty apparel catalog company, seller of apparel on Internet in U.S.); March 24, 2005 - Sears Holdings merged with with Kmart

1899 - Sebastian Spering Kresge, former employee  and partner of James G. McCrorey (owned half interest in two stores), traded his interest in J. G. McCrory Memphis store and $3,000 for full interest in five and dime store on Woodward Ave. in Detroit; became sole owner; 1900 - started partnership with brother-in-law, Charles J. Wilson; 1907 - bought him out, founded S. S. Kresge Company;  1912 - incorporated; 85 stores, $10 million in sales; March 1, 1962 - Kmart opened first 'superstore' Garden City, MI; opened 417 stores in 8 years; 1977 - renamed K-Mart; 1979 - sales of $11.7 billion, 1,891 stores across United States and Australia; 2002 -filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection; 2004- announced merger with Sears.

March 1899 - G.C. Murphy left McCrory company to start five-and-10 store in Pittsburgh; 1904 - sold Pittsburgh area stores to Woolworth, agreed not open any competing five-and-10s; 1906 - opened new variety store in McKeesport, PA, sold higher-priced items; foundation of the modern G.C. Murphy Co.; 1934 - 181 Murphy Co. stores in 11 states and Washington, DC; 1976 - Murphy Co. operates 529 stores; 1985 - Murphy Co. merged with Ames Department Stores Inc.; August 1989 - disvison (about 100 Murphy stores) sold to Riklis Family Holdings (McCrory); 2001 - McCrory Corp. files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.

April 14, 1902 - James Cash (J. C.) Penney (26) opened his first store, The Golden Rule, dry goods and clothing store, in Kemmerer, WY, in partnership with his employers, merchants Thomas M. Callahan, William Guy Johnson; first-year profit of $8,514.36 on annual sales of $28,898.11.

1906 - William Thomas Grant (30) opened the first "W. T. Grant Co. 25 Cent Store" in Lynn, Massachusetts with $1,000; 1936 - about $100 million a year in sales; 1972 - 1200 WT Grant Stores in 40 states; October 2, 1975 - largest financial collapse in retailing history occurred, second biggest U.S. company ever to enter bankruptcy proceedings (the biggest was Penn Central Transportation Co. in 1970).

1908 - Edward A. Filene founded Tunnel Bargain Basement (named for its proximity to Washington Street Subway tunnel) to sell overstock from his father's department store (upstairs); January 4, 1909 -  doors opened; launched concept of "off price" store; renamed Automatic Bargain Basement as new pricing system introduced, “Automatic Mark Down System” (price tag on each item marked with date it hit  selling floor, longer unsold, more price automatically  reduced, first 25%, then 50% , finally 75%; items unsold  given to charity; guaranteed bargains, fast inventory turnover; name changed to Filene's Basement. 

1913 - Abraham "Pop" Cohen, employee of harness shop in Lechmere Square (Cambridge, MA), bought store, renamed it Lechmere Harness Shop; 1923 - converted it to tire store; reamed Lechmere Vulcanizing Company; 1948 - added appliances; name changed to Lechmere Tire & Sales Company, business incorporated; 1965 - became pioneering chain store in discount electronics; February 28, 1969 - acquired by Dayton Hudson Corp.; 1981 - name changed to Lechmere, Inc.; 1987 - sales of $636.3 million (24 stores), $22.7 million profit; July 1989 - acquired by management, with help Berkshire Partners, mall developers Steve Karp and Steve Wiener for $600 million; 1993 - sales of more than $800 million, 24 stores in New England; March 1994 - acquired by Montgomery Ward Holdings for more than $200 million; November 8, 1997 - all (27) stores closed as part of bankruptcy reorganization.

1921 - Frieda Loehmann, coat buyer for department store, and Charles (son), with $800, opened women's specialty clothing shop named the Original Designer Outlet, below their Brooklyn apartment on Bedford Avenue in Brooklyn; 1930 - Charles C. Loehmann opened women's clothing store on Fordham Road in borough of the Bronx, incorporated as Charles C. Loehmann Corp.; only national discounter of high-fashion, first-quality merchandise (bought manufacturer's overruns and "broken lots" for resale); 1980 - sales of about $160 million, net income of $6.5 million, 48 stores in 21 states; April 1980 - acquired for about $68 million by AEA Investors Inc.; 1983 - acquired by Associated Dry Goods for $96 million; 1988 - acquired by Entrecanales y Tavora S.A. (division of Sefinco Ltd.), and Sprout Group (venture-capital division of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette) for about $170 million; May 1999 - declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy; September 6, 2000 - emerged from bankruptcy protection; 2004 - acquired for $177 million by Arcapita; May 2006 - acquired for $300 million by Istithmar, private equity firm based in Dubai; 55 stores 16 states.

October 11, 1929 - J. C Penney opened store #1252 in Milford, DE; nationwide company with stores in all 48 U.S. states.

1939 - J. L. Turner and Cal Turner opened J. L. Turner and Son Wholesale in Scottsville, KY; 1955 - Turner's Department Store (Springfield, KY) is converted to first Dollar General store with no item over $1; 1976 - annual sales exceed $100 million for first time; 1989 - 1,300 stores in 23 states, more than 7,000 employees; 1996 - annual sales exceed $2 billion, net income exceeds $100 million; 2002 - opened 6,000th store, sales exceed $6 billion; 2005 - sales exceed $8 billion; 2006 - opened 8,000th store; March 12, 2007 - Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Company announced it would pay $6.9 billion to take Dollar General private (8,260 stores).

September 1945 - Helen and Sam Walton borrowed $25,000 from her father, opened Ben Franklin five-and-dime store in Newport, AR (7,800 pop.) in Mississippi delta region (operated them from 1945 - 1962); 1962 - operated  nine stores (Walton's 5 & 10) under franchising agreement with Chicago-based Ben Franklin; unable to renew lease on store in Newport; opened first Wal-Mart, with brother, James, 16,000-square-foot outlet in Rogers, AR; 1967 - Wal-Mart's 24 stores total $12.6 million in sales; October 31, 1969 - incorporated as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

1962 - Kohl family in Milwaukee opened first store in Brookfield, WI; 1978 - became wholly owned by the BATUS Retail Group, a subsidiary of British-American Tobacco Company; 1986 - acquired by group of investors led by Kohl's senior management; 1992 - largest initial public stock offerings ever made by Wisconsin company; 2002 - sales exceed $9 billion, more than 80,000 employees; October 4, 2006 - largest one day grand opening in company's history -65 new Kohl's stores opened throughout U. S.

1963 - Sid and Stanley Goldstein and Ralph Hoagland opened first Consumer Value Store (CVS) Lowell, MA as discount health and beauty aid store in which customers bag their own merchandise; 1964 - CVS name used for first time; 1969 - acquired by Melville Corporation; 1985 - Stanley Goldstein named president of Melville (CEO and chairman in 1986); 1990 - Peoples Drug Stores, 490-store chain, acquired by Melville, merged into the CVS chain; 1996 - Melville Corporation changes name to CVS Corporation; 1997 - acquired Revco D.S., Inc. (more than 2,500 drugstores); 1998 - acquired Arbor Drugs, Inc. for $1.48 billion (chain with more than 200 stores mainly in southeastern Michigan); 2006 - largest drugstore chain in United States in terms of number of stores and number of prescriptions filled; operates more than 4,100 stores in 27 states.

January 15, 1963 - S. S. Kresge Company, Detroit, MI, registered "K Mart" (Retail Variety Store Services) service mark.

October 2, 1975 - W. T. Grant filed for bankruptcy ($1 billion in debt, nation's single biggest retailing failure); result of five years of rapid expansion (410 super-sized Grant outlets had been built around the country), changing product mix (higher priced); 1974 recession = alienated customers, no earnings.

July 12, 1976 - Sol and Robert Price opened Price Club on San Diego; first warehouse club for business shoppers; 1979 - 2 locations, 900 employees, 200,00 members, profit of $1 million; September 1983 - Jeff Brotman and Jim Sinegal opened first Costco warehouse in Seattle; 1984 - 9 Costcos in five states, 200,000 members; Price Club sales exceed $1 billion; 1986 - Price Club had 22 locations, 3.2 million members, 7,300 employees; Costco had 17 locations, 1.3 million members, 3,800 employees; 1989 - Price Club was 3rd most profitable U.S. company; 1992 - Costco opened 100th warehouse; September 1993 - Price Company merged with Costco, formed PriceCostco; 1995 - 200th location opened; 1997 - name officially changed to Costco Companies, Inc.; 1999 -average annual sales per warehouse reached $100 million; August 30, 1999 - name changed to Costco Wholesale Corporation; 2002 - 40.2 million Costco credit card holders, 98,000 employees; 2004 - 5th largest retailer in U.S., 11th largest retailer in world; 2006 - more than 500 warehouse stores worldwide, record sales of $58.96 billion; largest factor in warehouse market.

September 23, 1992 - Bradlees announced it would take over Alexander's department stores in New York City.

January 25, 1993 - Sears announced closing of its catalog sales department after 97 years.

July 17, 1997 - Woolworth Corp. announced it was closing its 400 remaining five-and-dime stores across the country, ended 118 years in business.

June 22, 2004 - A federal judge approved a class-action sex-discrimination lawsuit representing 1.6 million female workers against Wal-Mart.

November 17, 2004 - Kmart announced surprise deal to acquire Sears for $11 billion.

(Casa Boker - founded 1865 by Don Roberto Boker ), Jürgen Buchenau (2004). Tools of Progress: A German Merchant Family in Mexico City, 1865-Present. (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 267 p.). Associate Professor of History (UNC - Charlotte). Casa Boker (Firm) History; Hardware industry Mexico Mexico City History. 

(Clore), Charles Gordon (1984). The Two Tycoons: A Personal Memoir of Jack Cotton and Charles Clore. (London, UK: H. Hamilton, 242 p.). Cotton, Jack, d. 1964; Clore, Charles, d. 1979; Businesspeople--Great Britain--Biography; Real estate business--Great Britain.

(Clore), David Clutterbuck and Marion Devine (1987). Clore: The Man and His Millions. (London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 224 p.). Clore, Charles, d. 1979; Businesspeople--Great Britain--Biography. Clore was former owner of Sears, Selfridges, William Hill and various chains of shoe shops.

(Coles G. J. & Co.), Judith McLaughlin (1991). Nothing Over Half a Crown: A Personal History of the Founder of the G.J. Coles Stores. (Victoria, NSW: Loch Haven Books, 102 p.). Coles, George James, 1885-1977; G.J. Coles & Co.--Biography; Variety stores--Australia--History.

(Kmart), Marcia Layton Turner (2003).with Sears) Kmart's Ten Deadly Sins: How Incompetence Tainted an American Icon. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 256 p.). Former Marketing Communications Executive (Eastman Kodak). K-Mart Corporation Management; Business failures United States Case studies. 

(Korvettes), Isadore Barmash (1981). More Than They Bargained For: The Rise and Fall of Korvettes. (New York, NY: Lebhar-Friedman Books/Chain Store Pub. Corp., 301 p.). Korvettes-History.

(S. S. Kresge), Stanley S.  Kresge, as told to Steve Spilos (1979). The S.S. Kresge Story. (Racine, WI: Western Pub. Co., 373 p.). Kresge, Sebastian Spering, 1867-1966; S.S. Kresge Company; Kresge Foundation; Merchants--United States--Biography.

(McCrory), Oscar Schisgall (1968). The Magic of Mergers; The Saga of Meshulam Riklis. (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 236 p.). Riklis, Meshulam, 1923-.

(McCrory), Isadore Barmash (1976). For the Good of the Company: Work and Interplay in a Major American Corporation. (New York, NY: Grosset & Dunlap, 299 p.). McCrory Corporation; Department stores--United States; Conglomerate corporations--United States.

(Monoprix), Patricia Kapferer, Tristan Gaston-Breton (2003). Monoprix, au Coeur de la Vie Ville. (Paris, FR: Cherche midi, 155 p.). Monoprix (Firm)--History; Variety stores--France--History; Discount houses (Retail trade)--France--History; Department stores--France--History; Chain stores--France--History.

(Montgomery Ward), Nina Brown Baker; illustrated by Alan Moyler (1956). Big Catalogue: The Life of Aaron Montgomery Ward. (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 115 p.). Ward, Montgomery Aaron, 1843-1913; Ward, Aaron Montgomery, 1844-1913; Montgomery Ward--History.

(Montgomery Ward), Booton Herndon (1972). Satisfaction Guaranteed: An Unconventional Report to Today's Consumers. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 342 p.). Montgomery Ward.

(Montgomery Ward), Frank B. Latham (1972). 1872-1972: A Century of Serving Consumers; The Story of Montgomery Ward. (Chicago, IL: Montgomery Ward, 95 p.). Montgomery Ward--History.

(J. C. Penney - Founded in Wyoming in 1902), J. C. Penney (1931). J. C. Penney: The Man with a Thousand Partners. (New York, NY: Harper & Brothers, 222 p.). J. C. Penney.

(J. C. Penney), Norman Beasley (1948). Main Street Merchant; The Story of the J.C. Penney Company. (New York, NY: Whittlesey House, 274 p.). Penney, J. C. (James Cash), 1875-1971; J.C. Penney Co.

(J. C. Penney), J.C. Penney (1950). Fifty Years with the Golden Rule. (New York, NY: Harper, 245 p.). J.C. Penney Co.

--- (1960). View from the Ninth Decade; Jottings from a Merchant's Daybook. (New York, NY: T. Nelson, 222 p.). Success.

(J. C. Penney), Beatrice Plumb (1963). J. C. Penney, Merchant Prince; A Biography of a Man Who Built a Business Empire Based on the Golden Rule. (Minneapolis, MN: T. S. Denison, 156 p.). Penney, J. C. (James Cash), 1875-1971.

(J. C. Penney), Ernest Hayes Balyeat (1980). The Way It Was in My Time: An Autobiography. (San Francisco, CA: Balyeat Pub. Co., 227 p.). Balyeat, Ernest Hayes, 1901- ; J.C. Penney Co.; Businesspeople--United States--Biography.

(J. C. Penney), Mary Elizabeth Curry (1993). Creating an American Institution: The Merchandising Genius of J.C. Penney. (New York, NY: Garland Pub., 348 p.). Penney, J. C. (James Cash), 1875-1971; J.C. Penney Co.; Merchants--United States--Biography; Retail trade--United States--History; Stores, Retail--United States--History.

(J. C. Penney), Bill Hare (2004). Celebration of Fools: An Inside Look at the Rise and Fall of J.C. Penney. (New York, NY: AMACOM, 294 p.). Penney, J. C. (James Cash), 1875-1971; J.C. Penney Co. History; Stores, Retail United States History; Merchants United States Biography. 

(Savers, Inc.), Paul Grescoe (2005). Pass It On: The Astonishing Story of Savers and Value Village. (Vancouver, BC: Tribute Books, 235 p.). Ellison family; Savers, Inc.; Resale industry--history. 1954 - first store in San Francisco; 2005 - 200 stores, employ more than 7,000 people.

(Sears), M. R. Werner (1939). Julius Rosenwald; The Life of a Practical Humanitarian. (New York, NY: Harper & brothers, 381 p.). Rosenwald, Julius, 1862-1932.

(Sears), David L. Cohn; with an introd. by Sinclair Lewis (1940). The Good Old Days: A History of American Morals and Manners as Seen Through the Sears Roebuck Catalog. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 597 p.). Sears, Roebuck and Company; United States--Social life and customs--1865-1918.

(Sears), Louis E. Asher & Edith Heal (1942). Send No Money. (Chicago, IL: Argus, 190 p.). Sears, Richard Warren, 1863-1914; Sears, Roebuck and Company.

(Sears, Roebuck), Boris Emmet & John E. Jeuck (1950). Catalogues and Counters; A History of Sears, Roebuck and Company. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 788 p.). Sears, Roebuck and Company.

(Sears), Alfred Q. Jarrette (1975). Julius Rosenwald, Son of a Jewish Immigrant, a Builder of Sears, Roebuck and Company, Benefactor of Mankind: a Biography Documented. (Greenville, SC: Southeastern University Press, 143 p.). Rosenwald, Julius, 1862-1932; Benefactors--United States--Biography.

(Sears), Gordon L. Weil (1977). Sears, Roebuck, U.S.A.: The Great American Catalog Store and How It Grew. (Briarcliff Manor, NY: Stein and Day, 277 p.). Sears, Roebuck and Company--History.

(Sears), James C. Worthy (1984). Shaping an American Institution: Robert E. Wood and Sears, Roebuck. (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 299 p.). Wood, Robert Elkington, 1879-; Sears, Roebuck and Company--Biography; Executives--United States--Biography.

(Sears), Donald R. Katz (1987). The Big Store: Inside the Crisis and Revolution at Sears. (New York, NY: Viking, 604 p.). Sears, Roebuck and Company.

(Sears), Cecil C. Hoge, Sr. (1988). The First Hundred Years Are the Toughest: What We Can Learn from the Century of Competition Between Sears and Wards. (Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 283 p.). Sears, Roebuck and Company--History; Montgomery Ward--History.

(Sears), Frederick Asher (1997). Richard Warren Sears, Icon of Inspiration: Fable and Fact About the Founder and Spiritual Genius of Sears, Roebuck & Company. (New York, NY: Vantage Press, 1 vol.). Sears, Richard Warren, 1863-1914; Sears, Roebuck and Company--History; Executives--United States--Biography.

(Sears), Arthur C. Martinez with Charles Madigan (1998). The Hard Road to the Softer Side: Lessons from the Transformation of Sears. (New York, NY: Times Business. Sears, Roebuck and Company--Management; Corporate turnarounds--United States--Case studies.

(Sears), Peter M. Ascoli (2006). Julius Rosenwald: The Man Who Built Sears, Roebuck and Advanced the Cause of Black Education in the American South. (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 392 p.). Faculty of Spertus Institute of Jewish Studies in Chicago; Grandson of Julius Rosenwald. Rosenwald, Julius, 1862-1932; Sears, Roebuck and Company--History; Businesspeople--United States--Biography; Jewish businesspeople--United States--Biographyl; Philanthropists--United States--Biography; African Americans--Education--Southern states. 1885 - a supplier to Richard Sears; 1895 - became a partner in Sears, Roebuck and Co. when Richard Sears offered Rosenwald's brother-in-law, Aaron Nusbaum, an interest in the company. Nusbaum recruited Rosenwald to join the venture. In 1896, he became a vice president of Sears, Roebuck and Co.; 1908 - named president when Richard Sears resigned; 1924 - became chairman of the board.

(Sears), John M. Oharenko with the Homan Arthington Foundation (2005). Historic Sears, Roebuck and Co. Catalog Plant. (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 128 p.). Sears, Roebuck and Company--History; Sears, Roebuck and Company--Pictorial works; Sears Tower (Chicago, Ill.)--History; Historic buildings--Illinois--Chicago; Chicago (Ill.)--History. Located on site of original Sears Tower; completed in 1906, employed 20,000 people, merchandise orders were processed, delivered by rail—within the same day; 1974 - moved to current Sears Tower.

(Simpson-Sears Ltd.), Charles Luther Burton (1952). A Sense of Urgency; Memoirs of a Canadian Merchant. (Toronto, ON: Clarke, Irwin, 363 p.). Simpson (Robert) Company, Ltd.; Simpsons, Ltd.

(Simpson-Sears Ltd.), G. Allan Burton (1986). A Store of Memories. (Toronto, ON: McClelland and Stewart, 330 p.). Burton, G. Allan, 1915- ; Simpsons Limited--History; Businesspeople--Canada--Biography.

(Spag), Elsa B. Tivnan and Catherine I. Nickerson (1999). Spag: An American Business Legend. (Worcester, MA: Chandler House Press, 350 p.). Borgatti, Anthony A., 1916-1996.; Businesspeople--New England--Biography; Retail trade--New England.

(Spiegel), James Cornell (1964). The People Get the Credit; The First One Hundred Years of the Spiegel Story, 1865-1965. (Chicago, IL, 171 p.). Spiegel, Inc.

(Spiegel), Orange A. Smalley and Frederick D. Sturdivant. Introd. by Harold F. Williamson (1973). The Credit Merchants; A History of Spiegel, Inc. (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 336 p.). Spiegel, Inc.

(Stein Mart), David J. Ginzl; with a foreword by Eli N. Evans (2004). Stein Mart: An American Story of Roots, Family, and Building a Greater Dream. (Tampa, FL: University of Tampa Press, 172 p.). Stein, Jay, 1945- ; Stein Mart--History; Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States--History; Businesspeople--United States--Biography. 

(Target), Laura Rowley (2003). On Target: How the World's Hottest Retailer Hit a Bullseye. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 218 p.). Personal Finance and Career Columnist for Self magazine. Dayton, George Draper, 1857-1938; Target Corporation.

(Wal-Mart), Vance H. Trimble (1990). Sam Walton: The inside Story of America's Richest Man. (New York, NY: Penguin, 319 p.). Walton, Sam, 1918-; Wal-Mart (Firm)--History; Businesspeople--United States--Biography; Millionaires--United States--Biography; Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States--History.

(Wal-Mart), Sam Walton with John Huey (1992). Sam Walton, Made in America: My Story. (New York, NY: Doubleday, 269 p.). Walton, Sam, 1918- ; Wal-Mart (Firm)--History; Businessmen--United States--Biography; Millionaires--United States--Biography; Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States--History; Rich people--United States--Biography.

(Wal-Mart), Sandra S. Vance, Roy V. Scott (1994). Wal-Mart: A History of Sam Walton's Retail Phenomenon. (New York, NY: Twayne Publishers, 220 p.). Walton, Sam, 1918- ; Wal-Mart (Firm)--History; Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States--History.

(Wal-Mart), Avis-The-Greeter (1997). What's Wrong at Wal-Mart?: Is America's Greatest Success Story Going Down the Tubes? (Las Vegas, NV: Hamco Books, 356 p.). Wal-Mart, Discount Stores

(Wal-Mart), Bob Ortega (1998). In Sam We Trust: The Untold Story of Sam Walton and How Wal-Mart Is Devouring America. (New York, NY: Times Business, 413 p.). Walton, Sam, 1918- ; Wal-Mart (Firm)--History; Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States--History; Businesspeople--United States--Biography.

(Wal-Mart), Robert Slater (2003). The Wal-Mart Decade: How a Generation of Leaders Turned Sam Walton's Legacy into the World's Number One Company. (New York, NY: Portfolio, 256 p.). Former Writer (Time Inc.). Walton, Sam, 1918- ; Wal-Mart (Firm)--History; Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States--History; Businessmen--United States--Biography; Retail trade--United States--Management--Case studies; Success in business--United States--Case studies; Entrepreneurship--United States--Case studies; Leadership--United States--Case studies; Corporations--United States--Growth--Case studies. 

(Wal-Mart), Michael Bergdahl (2004). What I Learned from Sam Walton: How Small Businesses Can Compete and Thrive in a Wal-Mart World Wiley, 256 p.). Former Wal-Mart Executive. Wal-Mart (Firm)--Management; Retail trade--Management; Industrial management.

(Wal-Mart), John Dicker (2005). The United States of Wal-Mart. (New York, NY: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin, 245 p.). Former Staff Writer (Colorado Springs Independent). Wal-Mart (Firm); Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States--Management; Wages--United States; Employee fringe benefits--United States. 

(Wal-Mart), Bill Quinn (2005). How Wal-Mart Is Destroying America (and the world) and What You Can Do About It (2000 edition). (Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press, 158 p. [3rd ed.]). Wal-Mart (Firm); Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States; Retail trade--United States--Personnel management; Small business--United States. How concerned citizens can fight to keep Wal-Mart from invading their towns.

(Wal-Mart), Don Soderquist (2005). The Wal-Mart Way: The Inside Story of the Success of the World’s Largest Company. (Nashville, TN: T. Nelson, 210 p.). Former Vice Chairman and COO of Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart (Firm)--Management; Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States--Management. The Company's side of the Wal-Mart story. 

(Wal-Mart), Michael Bergdahl (2006). The 10 Rules of Sam Walton: Success Secrets for Remarkable Results. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 259 p.). Former Wal-Mart Executive. Wal-Mart (Firm)--Management; Retail trade--Management; Industrial management. Ten key areas Walton considered the most important reasons for his entrepreneurial success.

(Wal-Mart), Anthony Bianco (2006). The Bully of Bentonville: How the High Cost of Wal-Mart’s Everyday Low Prices Is Hurting America. (New York, NY: Currency/Doubleday, 304 p.). Former Senior Writer (BusinessWeek). Wal-Mart (Firm); Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States; Retail trade--United States--Personnel management; Wages--United States; Employee fringe benefits--United States; Small business--United States. Far-reaching consequences of zealous, secretive, small-town mentality: retail wages, aggressive expansion, pricing policies, censorship.

(Wal-Mart), Edited by Stanley D. Brunn (2006). Wal-Mart World: The World’s Biggest Corporation in the Global Economy. (New York, NY: Routledge, 424 p.). Professor, Department of Geogrpahy (University of Kentucky). Wal-Mart (Firm)--Management; International business enterprises--Management; International economic relations. How Wal-Mart manages transition to global company will play significant role in character of global economy.

(Wal-Mart), Charles Fishman (2006). The Wal-Mart Effect: How the World’s Most Powerful Company Is Transforming the Rules of the American Economy. (New York, NY: Penguin Press, 304 p.). Senior Editor (Fast Company). Wal-Mart (Firm); Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States--Management. Radical ways in which Wal-Mart is transforming America's economy, workforce, communities, and environment.

(Wal-Mart), Ed. Nelson Lichtenstein (2006). Wal-Mart: The Face of Twenty-First-Century Capitalism. (New York, NY: New Press, 256 p.). Professor of History (University of California, Santa Barbara). Wal-Mart (Firm); business practices; management -- retail. 12 essays from an April 2004 conference on Wal-Mart at the University of California, Santa Barbara. World-transforming economic institution of our time. 

(Wal-Mart), William H. Marquard with Bill Birchard (2006). Wal-Smart: What It Really Takes To Profit in a Wal-Mart World. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 256 p.). Co-Founded Strategic Advisory Services Consulting Practice as a partner at Ernst & Young. Wal-Mart (Firm)--Management; Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States--Management. Explores elements of Wal-Mart’s success  (productivity loop, powerful process disciplines, hidden management "DNA").

(Wal-Mart), Michael J. Hicks (2007). The Local Economic Impact of Wal-Mart. (Youngstown, NY: Cambria Press, 337 p.). Director of the Bureau of Business Research and Associate Professor at Ball State University. Wal-Mart (Firm) -- Economic aspects; Chain stores -- Economic aspects -- United States; Retail trade -- Economic aspects -- United States.

(Wal-Mart), Richard Vedder and Wendell Cox (2007). The Wal-Mart Revolution: How Big-Box Stores Benefit Consumers, Workers, and the Economy. (Washington, DC: AEI Press, 175 p.). Distinguished Professor of Economics (Ohio University); Principal of Wendell Cox Consultancy. Wal-Mart (Firm); Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States--Management. Conditions before, after Wal-Mart entered local markets; impact on wages, productivity growth, inflation; conclude that retailer has been force for good.

(Woolworth), John K. Winkler (1940). Five and Ten; the Fabulous Life of F. W. Woolworth. (New York, NY: R.M. McBride & Company, 256 p.). Woolworth, Frank Winfield, 1852-1919.

(Woolworth), Nina Brown Baker (1954). Nickels and Dimes; the Story of F. W. Woolworth. (New York, NY: Harcourt, Brace, 134 p.). Woolworth, Frank Winfield, 1852-1919.

(Woolworth), John P. Nichols (1973). Skyline Queen and the Merchant Prince; the Woolworth Story. (New York, NY: Trident Press, 144 p.). Woolworth, Frank Winfield, 1852-1919; F.W. Woolworth Company.

(Woolworth), James Brough (1982). The Woolworths. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 224 p.). Woolworth family.

(Woolworth), Karen Plunkett-Powell (1999). Remembering Woolworth's: A Nostalgic History of the World's Most Famous Five-and-Dime. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 248 p.). Woolworth, Frank Winfield, 1852-1919; Woolworth Corporation; Variety stores--History. 

(Woolworth), Earle Perry Charlton, II & George Winius (2001). The Charlton Story: Earle Perry Charlton, 1863-1930: One of the Five Founders of the F.W. Woolworth Company. (New York, NY: P. Lang, 179 p.). Charlton, Earle Perry, 1863-1930; F.W. Woolworth Company; Businessmen--United States--Biography.

(Woolworth), Jean Maddern Pitrone (2003). F.W. Woolworth and the American Five and Dime: A Social History. (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., 221 p.). F.W. Woolworth Company--History.

Stanley C. Hollander (1986). Discount Retailing, 1900-1952: An Examination of Some Divergences from the One-Price System in American Retailing. (New York, NY: Garland, 321 p.). Discount houses (Retail trade)--United States--History. Series: American business history.

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Business History Links

Museum of Discount Stores of the '60s                http://www.wtvzone.com/dpjohnson/60sdiscountstores/ index.html.                                                                               First-generation discount department stores which began springing up in selected areas as early as 1956--those 65,000 to 110,000 square foot shrines to inexpensive merchandise for the masses with interior walls painted aqua, salmon and dull yellow, with huge, gaudy signs in the midst of the parking lot which often had a large, red arrow pointing straight at the store and rows of neon tubing or flashing light bulbs. Look back at a few of the great old discount department stores of days gone by...with one noteable exception, as you will see.

Sears Archives                                    http://www.searsarchives.com/                                                  In 1887, a man named Richard Sears placed an ad in the Chicago Daily news that read: "WANTED: Watchmaker with reference who can furnish tools. State age, experience, and salary required". A young Hoosier named Alvah C. Roebuck responded and six short years later, the corporate firm of Sears, Roebuck and Co. came into existence. The company became well known for its famed mail-order catalogues (discontinued in 1993), and the fair and expedient services it provided to thousands of rural families. This site brings some of the Sears corporate history to life through narrative historical essays on the company's development, a fine history of its legendary "Big-Book" catalog, and individual store histories as well. For those with an interest in the Sears Modern Homes (sold by Sears from 1908-1940), there is also a great section on these structures, which although not innovative in their designs were part of a broader effort to extend home ownership to the general public. The site is rounded out by a selection of annual company reports and facts about the history of the company.

The Woolworths Virtual Museum                                     http://museum.woolworths.co.uk/                                               To mark the 125th anniversary of the first store opening, our Virtual Museum provides the first permanent archive of the Company's history - taking the store right up to the present day. It's mainly British but includes a little from overseas. You can see pictures of the displays that our great, great, great grandparents shopped before the Great War of 1914-18, visit some of the factories that manufactured the ranges of the 1930s, listen to our first records, and celebrate the bravery of our colleagues through two world wars. The exhibits are arranged in "e-Galleries", each on a different theme. Some show a span of time (for example "the 1910s") while others concentrate on one of our ranges (like "Music and Video").


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