May 11, 868 - Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist scripture, was first known dated printed book (by Wang Chieh dedicated to his parents); found with about 1,130 bundles of manuscripts in one of the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas in Turkestan; made as a 16-ft scroll with six sheets of text printed from wood blocks and one sheet with a woodcut showing the Buddha with disciples and a pair of cats.

February 23, 1452 (estimated date) - Johannes Gutenberg began printing project, first block-printed, two-volume, 42-line Bible (number of lines per page printed with movable type), the Biblia Pauperum or Mazarin Bible, in Mainz, Germany; March 1455 - all copies sold; November 6, 1455 - lost control of press in financial dispute with Johann Fust, his partner (notarized Helmasperger Instrument).

August 14, 1457 - John Faust and Peter Scheffer, his assistant, produced a Psalter, volume containing the Book of Psalms, in large folio; first printed book that appeared with a date.

1501 - Ottaviano Petrucci of Venice founded first modern-style music publishing house; produced first book of music made from movable type, 96 chansons, as Harmonice musices odhecaton A (sometimes referred to as "the Odhecaton"), earliest known example of printed polyphonic music.

1534 - Cambridge University Press founded by royal charter granted to the University by King Henry VIII; 1584 - first work published; oldest printer and publisher in the world.

1586 - Oxford University obtained a decree confirming its privilege to print books; 1633 - University appointed Delegates to oversee this privilege;  1668 - began to develop in a recognizable way (as known today).

July 22, 1598 - William Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice was entered on the Stationers' Register, licensed  printed works (by decree of Queen Elizabeth); gave Crown tight control over all published material; first version not published for another two years.

May 2, 1611 - The Authorized Version of the Bible (King James Version) was first published.

1621 - Shakespeare's First Folio published.

1622 - First English newspaper appeared,  Weekly News.

June 8, 1637 - René Descartes published "Discourse on Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences"; regarded as major work in science and mathematics; expressed his disappointment with traditional philosophy and with limitations of theology; only logic, geometry and algebra held his respect, because of the utter certainty which they can offer; Descartes's ideas swept aside ancient and medieval traditions of philosophical methods and investigation.

1645 - Queen Christina and Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna of Sweden founded Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (PoIT) as an outlook for the government to voice its official view; oldest current newspaper in the world, national newspaper and gazette of Sweden, country's official notification body for government and corporate announcements, bankruptcies, declarations or auctions; January 1, 2007 - print version replaced with online edition.

November 7, 1665 - The" London Gazette" was first published.

1667 - John Milton published "Paradise Lost," an epic poem about the fall of Adam and Eve.

May 15, 1672 - Massachusetts enacted first copyright law.

January 21, 1677 - First medical book (pamphlet) published in Boston, MA.

June 27, 1693 - John Dunton published Ladies' Mercury in London; first women's magazine.

March 11, 1702 - First English daily newspaper "Daily Courant," published; 1735 - acquired by Daily Gazetteer.

April 12, 1709 - First edition of Tatler magazine in England.

March 1, 1711 - Joseph Addison, Richard Steele founded the Spectator; approximately 2,500 words long, original run consisted of 555 numbers; 1714 - revived as thrice weekly for six months; 1828 - Spectator revived, published weekly;  oldest continuously published magazine in English language.

April 25, 1719 - Daniel Defoe's fictional work "The Life and Strange Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" was published. The book, about a shipwrecked sailor who spends 28 years on a deserted island, is based on the experiences of shipwreck victims and of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor who spent four years on a small island off the coast of South America in the early 1700s.

December 19, 1732 - Benjamin Franklin, of Philadelphia, first published "Poor Richard's Almanack"; filled with proverbs preaching industry and prudence; published continuously for 25 years, became one of the most popular publications in colonial America, sold an average of 10,000 copies a year.

August 5, 1735 - Jury acquitted John Zenger (New York Weekly Journal, America's first party newspaper), despite instructions from Governor's hand-picked presiding judges; charged with seditious libel against Governor William Cosby of the New York Colony for printing explanation of Chief Justice Lewis Morris for his dissenting vote on the legality of Cosby's creating a new provincial Supreme Court to sit as a "Court of Exchequer" (without a jury) to hear his suit against Rip Van Dam, seventy-one-year-old highly respected senior member of the New York provincial council, for recovery of over half of salary Van Dam had earned while serving as acting governor of New York during the year between Cosby's appointment and his arrival in the colony; Zenger defended by Philadelphia attorney, Andrew Hamilton, successfully argued that Zenger's articles were not libelous because they were based on fact; landmark case on freedom of the press.

August 18, 1735 - Evening Post began publishing in Boston MA; April 24, 1775 - ceased publication.

February 13, 1741 - Andrew Bedford published first American magazine, "The American Magazine", in Philadelphia; beat Benjamin Franklin's "General Magazine" off the presses by three days.

March 5, 1743 - First U.S. religious journal, The Christian History, published.

1744 - Antoine Aubanel founded printing business in Avignon; 1756 - Rome awarded title of "master printer"; 1780 - appointed official printer to the Pope; oldest French publisher still in activity; 1998 - acquired by Martinière.

May 1, 1753 - Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist and explorer, published the first edition of his Species Plantarum; gave systematic names to plants that are still in use today; called the father of classification; 1758 - extended familiar scheme of dual Latin names to identify animals; 1905 - The Species Plantarum taken by international consent as starting point for modern botanical nomenclature.

May 9, 1754 - Benjamin Franklin's "Pennsylvania Gazette" published first cartoon.

April 15, 1755 - Dr. Samuel Johnson, English lexicographer, published Dictionary of the English Language.

1758 - James Franklin, Ben Franklin's nephew, published first issue of Newport Mercury (Rhode Island); August 22, 1762 - Ann Franklin became editor (after her son died); first female editor of an American newspaper.

October 29, 1764 - Thomas Green, printer, published first weekly edition of The Connecticut Courant (Hartford Courant); sold newspaper to his assistant, Ebenezer Watson; 1777 - Hannah Watson (widow) took over paper, became one of the first women publishers in America; 1837 - daily edition began; 1913 - launched Sunday paper; oldest newspaper in continuous publication in U. S.; 1979 - acquired by Times Mirror.

1768 - Former lieutenant in Royal Marines from Edinburgh, John MacMurray, bought bookselling business of William Sandby at 32 Fleet Street, dropped "Mac" in response to outbreak of Scottophobia; 1812 - moved to 50 Albemarle Street (for next 118 years); managed by seven generations of Murrays; oldest independent publisher in U.K; 2002 - acquired by  Hodder Headline publishers.

1768 - Colin Macfarquhar, a printer, and Andrew Bell, an engraver, created Encyclopedia Britannica in Edinburgh, Scotland during the Scottish Enlightenment to serve new era of scholarship; formed a "Society of Gentlemen" to publish their new reference work, hired the twenty-eight-year-old scholar, William Smellie, to edit it; 1771 - three volume set (2,670 pages) published as "Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A dictionary of arts and sciences, compiled upon a new plan"; 1827–1901 - A & C Black, Edinburgh publishing firm, managed 7th–9th editions; May 9, 1901 - acquired from Adam and Charles Black by Horace E. Hooper and Walter M. Jackson; 1920 - 1941 - ownership passed to Sears, Roebuck, then William Cox, back to Sears in 1928; 1941 - acquired by William Benton (founder of Benton & Bowles advertising agency); 1974 - acquired by Benton Foundation (nonprofit organization set up by former U.S. Senator, William Benton, CT-D, and his wife, Helen Hemingway Benton); 1985 - four parts: Micropædia, Macropædia, Propædia, two-volume index; January 1996 - acquired by billionaire Swiss financier, actor Jacqui Safra.

1772 - Morning Post first published in London; 1795 - Daniel Stuart purchased newspaper; 1937 - Sir James Berry, owner of Daily Telegraph, acquired newspaper, merged into Telegraph.

1772 - Antoine-Marcel Lemoine, composer, violinist, professor of music, founded musical publishing business in Paris; 1810 - published Messe Solennelle (composed for coronation of Napoleon I); 1816 - succeeded by Jean-Henry Lemoine (son and piano professor); published works of Chopin, Berlioz, Donizetti, Halevy, Franck, Gounod, Messiaen, Piazzolla; 1850 - Achille Lemoine (son, pianist, professor of piano), took over; 1895 - Henry-Félicien, Léon Lemoine (sons) renamed Henry Lemoine & Cie.; 1920 - Henry-Jean (son of Henry-Félicien) took over; 1987 - Pierre Lemoine head of Les Editions Henry Lemoine.

September 1, 1773 - Phillis Wheatley's "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral," was published; first African-American poet to be published.

February 1775 - Robert Bowne (31, of Flushing, NY), two associates opened Bowne & Co. Merchants, stationary, general  merchandise store, at Number 39 Queen Street (now Pearl St.), in New York City; became oldest business operating under same name in history of New York commerce; 1818 - Robert H. Bowne and John L. Bowne (sons) took control; 1843 - headed Robert, William, John Bowne (grandchildren); 1898 - end of Bowne family management, Stanley M. Dewey took over (20 year employee); 1909 - appointed company's fifth president, company incorporated for first time; 1922 - Dewey sold his interest in company to Edmund A. Stanley, young Bowne & Co. associate (with company since 1908); moved out of stationery, into printing enterprise; 1933 - Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) formed (required, by law, new public offering issue prospectuses, instituted annual reporting requirements for publicly-held companies); 1946 - sales exceeded $1-million for first time; 1961 - sales of $3 million; 1968 - went public; acquired The La Salle Street Press, Inc., largest financial printer in Chicago; 1974 - sales of $38 million; 1984 - Bowne & Co. first company to join new SEC voluntary electronic filing program for corporations called EDGAR, lent assistance to prime contractor in development of the program; 1990 - sales of $205 million; evolved into information management company; 1996 - sales of $501 million; formed Bowne Business Services (non-financial printing businesses), Bowne Digital Services (service provider for database management, on-demand printing, and digital print technologies); 1997 - sales of $716 million, net income record-setting $54 million.

June 23, 1775 - First American-made book, titled "Impenetrable Secret", advertised in Philadelphia, PA in  Pennsylvania Mercury; printed, sold by Story and Humphreys, advertisement announced it was "printed with types, paper and ink manufactured in this Province."

July 6, 1776 - "Pennsylvania Evening Gazette" published  Declaration of Independence; announced on its front page.

March 26, 1780 - First British Sunday newspaper appeared (British Gazette and Sunday Monitor).

January 8, 1783 - Connecticut became first state to pass copyright statute, titled "Act for the Encouragement of Literature and Genius"; enacted with help of Dr. Noah Webster.

May 30, 1783  - Benjamin Towne began publishing "The Pennsylvania Evening Post" on a daily basis (vs. three times per week); first daily newspaper in the US; January 24, 1775 - Towne founded newspaper in opposition to Tory Ledger.

1784 - First London edition of The Daily Universal Register (later renamed the Times).

February 5, 1784 - Virginia Journal and Alexandria Advertiser (Alexandria, VA) began printing; December 8, 1800 - Mathew Brown and Samuel Snowden published first issue of Alexandria Advertiser and Commercial Intelligencer; December 9, 1800 - purchased Columbia Mirror and Alexandria Gazette and original 1784 press from William Fowler; July 11, 1808 - name changed to Alexandria Daily Gazette; 1812 - name changed to Alexandria Gazette, Commercial and Political.

September 21, 1784 - "Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser" became the nation's first daily newspaper.

July 29, 1786 - John Scull, Joseph Hall published Gazette, first newspaper published west of Alleghenies; brought printing press from Philadelphia, set it up in small shop in village growing up around Fort Pitt; August 2, 1927 - Paul Block owned, published the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.

January 1, 1788 - "The Times", London's oldest-running newspaper, published first edition.

1789 - United Methodist Church established publishing agency in Philadelphia; oldest, largest general agency of The United Methodist Church; 1854 - Nashville operation opened as publishing house for Methodist Episcopal Church South; 1939 - three branches of Methodism united; 1968 - Evangelical United Brethren-Methodist merged; became The United Methodist Publishing House.

January 21, 1789 - The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth printed in Boston, MA; first novel by an American writer to be published in America; first editions of the book did not carry the author's name, but a later printing carried the name of Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Morton; some scholars attribute the book's authorship to William Hill Brown; content was a thinly veiled account of the seduction and suicide of a young woman in Morton's family.

May 31, 1790 - First copyright law enacted under new U.S. Constitution: term of 14 years with privilege of renewal for term of 14 years; books, maps, charts protected; copyright registration made in the U.S. District Court where the author or proprietor resided; claims recorded by Clerks of U.S. District Courts; 1870 - copyright functions centralized in the Library of Congress under the direction of the then Librarian of Congress Ainsworth Rand Spofford; April 29, 1802 - prints added to protected works; August 18, 1856 - dramatic compositions added to protected works; March 3, 1865 - Photographs added to protected works; 1897 - Copyright Office became separate department of Library of Congress (part of the legislative branch of government), Register of Copyrights position created, Thorvald Solberg appointed; August 24, 1912 - Motion pictures, previously registered as photographs, added to classes of protected works; December 12, 1980 - copyright law amended regarding computer programs; December 1, 1990 - Protection extended to architectural works.

June 9, 1790 - First copyright entry, "The Philadelphia Spelling Book "by John Barry, registered in U.S. District Court of Pennsylvania.

1791 - Giovanni Pomba founded bookstore in Turin, Italy; 1854 - Giuseppe Pomba founded Union Turinese Typographical-Publishing (UTET); oldest Italian publishing house; 2002 - acquired by Group De Agostini.

August 19, 1791 - Benjamin Banneker, black American appointed by President George Washington to a three man team of surveyors, headed by Major Andrew Ellicott, to survey the future District of Columbia, sent copy of first Almanac to secretary of state Thomas Jefferson; first of six Farmers' Almanacs; included commentaries, literature, fillers that had political and humanitarian purpose.

December 4, 1791 - WS Bourne published first edition of The Observer – London's oldest Sunday newspaper; 1814 -  William Innell Clement purchases the Observer, adds it to the number of newspapers he already owns; 1870 - Julius Beer, a wealthy businessman, buys the Observer; 1905 - The executors of Frederick Beer's sells the Observer to Alfred Harmsworth (later Lord Northcliffe); 1911 - William Waldorf Astor purchased newspaper from Harmsworth family; 1977 - Astors sold the ailing newspaper to Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO); 1981 - sold to Lonrho plc; June 1993 - sold to Guardian Media Group.

1792 - Benjamin Warner, Jacob Johnson opened bookstall on Market St. in Philadelphia; acquired by Warner; 1816 - Warner formed partnership John Grigg, Warner & Grigg; 1825 - Hugh Elliot made partner; formed Grigg, Elliott & Co.; 1836 - Joshua Ballinger Lippincott, former employee of Clarke bookseller, acquired store at corner of Fourth and Race Streets in Philadelphia, founded J. B. Lippincott & Co.; sold bibles, prayer-books; January 1, 1847 - Henry Grambo, Edmund Claxtion, George Remsen made partners; 1850 - acquired Grigg, Elliott, formed Lippincott, Grambo & Co.; major book distribution company; 1855 - renamed J. B. Lippincott & Co.; one of largest publishers in U.S.; 1868 - published Lippincott's Magazine; 1885 - converted to stock company, renamed J. B. Lippincott Company; 1886 - Craige Lippincott (son) named president; 1911 - replaced by J. Bertram Lippincott; 1940 - Joseph Wharton Lippincott became president; Joseph Wharton Lippincott, Jr. became fourth generation to head company; expanded to Europe and Asia; 1977 - acquired by Harper & Row; May 1990 - acquired by Wolters Kluwer N.V. for $250 million; merged with Raven Publishers, became Lippincott-Raven; 1998 - merged with Williams & Wilkins, ultimately formed Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (unit of Wolters Kluwer Health).

1792 - Robert B. Thomas, first editor, published The Farmer's Almanac; used a complex series of natural cycles to devise secret weather forecasting formula (uncanny accuracy); 1848 - John H. Jenks, second editor, permanently, officially added "Old" to the title of the Almanac; 1855 - cover, "four seasons" drawing by artist Henry Nichols, became "permanent" ; 1863 - circulation of 225,000; 1939 - Robb Sagendorph, founder of Yankee magazine, bought The Old Farmer's Almanac and became editor; early 1990s - passed four million circulation mark; 13 editors since 1792.

December 9, 1793 - Noah Webster established New York City's first daily newspaper, "The American Minerva."

1798 - Richard Taylor launched Philosophical Magazine, one of  first scientific journals produced by independent company; start of many close collaborations with scholarly societies; 1852 - Dr William Francis, chemist, joined Taylor; formed Taylor & Francis; continued tradition of close links with academic community; 1936 - became private limited company with leading scientists as directors, shareholders; 1998 - went public, listed on London Stock Exchange.

1798 - Thomas Nelson sold second-hand books in town square in Edinburgh, Scotland; early 1800s - published inexpensive religious, classic works for "common man"; 1829 - first traveling sales representative called on bookshops; 1839 - management passed to sons; 1850 - Thomas Nelson, Jr., invented rotary press, revolutionized printing, publishing; 1853 - largest printing, publishing house in Scotland; 1901 - introduced American Standard Version of Bible; mid-1900s - company's focus shifted to popular, educational, coffee table books; 1960 - merged with The Thomson Organization, worldwide publishing, communications firm; 1969 - acquired by Sam Moore, founder of National Book Company in 1958, Royal Publishers, Inc. in 1961; 2006 - went private; became wholly-owned subsidiary of Faith Media, division of InterMedia Partners.

November 16, 1801 - Alexander Hamilton founded New-York Evening Post; 1881 - Henry Villard took control; 1933 - changed to tabloid format; 1939 - acquired by Dorothy Schiff; 1977 - acquired by Rupert Murdoch for $31 million.

July 7, 1802 - First comic book published, in New York, "The Wasp"; created by Robert Rusticoat.

October 3, 1805 - Members of Massachusetts Medical Society authorized first U.S. pharmacopoeia prepared by a medical society in U.S.; 1808 - published as The Pharmacopoeia of the Massachusetts Medical Society (286 p.), edited by Drs. James Jackson and John Collins Warren; 1778 - Dr. William Brown, Physician-General to the Hospitals of the U.S. wrote earliest pharmacopoeia produced in the U.S. (32 p.) for use in U.S. Army Military Hospital at Lititz, PA.

1806 - Noah Webster published "A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language", America's first dictionary; challenged other existing dictionaries on several counts: spelling (which Webster would reform), pronunciation, etymology (word histories), modernity, and definitions; April 14, 1828 - published American Dictionary of the English Language (2,500 copies) priced at $20, did not sell out after 13 years in print; 1831 - George and Charles Merriam opened G. & C. Merriam Co., printing and bookselling operation in Springfield, MA; 1843 - acquired rights to Webster's dictionary upon Webster's death.

1807 - Charles Wiley (25) opened printing shop on Reade St. in lower Manhattan; 1809 - formed printing, publishing, bookselling partnership with Cornelius Van Winkle, a noted printer; 1812 -  "C. Wiley, Printer" appeared for first time on title pages of several legal works; 1820 - focused on publishing and bookselling; 1826 - son John (18) took over at his death; 1836 - hired George Putnam as a junior partner; 1875 - company adopted current name, John Wiley & Sons; January 16, 1904 - family business incorporated, with William H. Wiley as President, Charles Wiley as Vice President, and William O. Wiley as Secretary.

1812 - John Collins Warren, M.D., of Massachusetts Medical Society (MMS), established The New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and the Collateral Branches of Science; 1828 - journal merged with the Medical Intelligencer (established in 1823), became weekly Boston Medical and Surgical Journal; 1914 - became official organ of the MMS, began publishing Medical Society's proceedings; 1921 - Society purchased Boston Medical and Surgical Journal for one dollar; 1928 - Boston Medical and Surgical Journal's name changed to The New England Journal of Medicine.

1813 - George E. Clymer, Philadelphia mechanic, invented Columbian Press, first printing press invented in America; iron horizontal platen hand-printing press used system of compound levers that multiplied the pull of the operator to replace the iron screw previously used for downward pressure; price of $400, twice cost of wooden press; 1818 - moved to England; 1825 - founded Clymer, Dixon (William Dixon) to manufacture presses.

September 4, 1813 - Amasa Converse and his family founded Christian Observer, first U.S. religious newspaper, America's oldest Presbyterian publishing tradition.

November 29, 1814 - The Times in London became first newspaper tprinted by steam; hand presses replaced by new machines invented by Friedrich Koenig and Andreas Bauer; newspapers could be produced on a scale that could meet public demand.

March 1817 - James and John Harper founded J. & J. Harper, a print shop; 1825 - largest book publisher in the United States; 1833 - name changed to Harper & Brothers; 1962 -  merged with Row, Peterson & Co., became Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.; 1987 - acquired by News Corporation; 1989 - merged with William Collins, Sons and Co Ltd., formed HarperCollins.

February 7, 1818 - First successful U.S. educational magazine "Academician," began (New York City).

1819 - William Collins (printing) and Charles Chalmers (bookselling, stationary) established printing and publishing business in Glasgow, Scotland; 1826 - Collins brought Chalmers out, with copyright of books already published; 1841 - printed of Bibles; 1848 - Sir William Collins (son) became partner, expanded firm as publishing venture, specialized in religious, educational books; 1868 - company renamed William Collins, Sons and Co Ltd.; 1900 - William Collins (III) began to publish children’s literature; 1904 - founded Collins Brothers & Co to operate in Australia, New Zealand; 1905 - William Collins & Co, New York, incorporated to facilitate transatlantic bible sales, sales of new pocket classics; 1906 - William Collins (IV) succeeded; 1945 - William (V) took over as chairman, managing director; 1983 - acquired publishing interests of Granada Group Ltd. (Hart-Davis, MacGibbon & Kee); 1989 - acquired by News Corporation, merged with Harper & Row, publishers, formed HarperCollins.

1819 - James Patrick established small weekly newspaper,  Tuscarawas Chronicle, in New Philadelphia, Tuscarawas County, OH; Joseph Medill, Canadian-born lawyer,  married Patrick's daughter, Katharine; left law, took up journalism;  started with Coshocton (Ohio) Whig, then Cleveland Leader, then foundering Chicago Tribune; espoused abolitionist cause, trumpeted virtues of young country lawyer named Abraham Lincoln, played major role in getting Lincoln elected to the presidency.

April 2, 1819 - First successful agricultural journal ("American Farmer") began.

January 3, 1820 - John Miller (printer), John Hutchens (bookseller) founded Manufacturers and Farmers Journal and Providence and Pawtucket Advertiser as twice-weekly publication; motto of paper was, 'Encourage National Industry'; 1823 - Miller became sole publisher; July 21, 1829 - Providence Daily Journal began daily publishing; January 26, 1863 - published evening edition, The Evening Bulletin; July 19, 1885 - Providence Sunday Journal first issued; 1885 - Providence Journal Company incorporated; 1997 - acquired by A. H. Belo Corp.; oldest continuously published daily newspaper in U.S.

May 5, 1821 - Manchester Guardian first published weekly (eleven men, all involved in the textile industry, raised £1,050 for the venture; John Edward Taylor, first editor); 1855 - Manchester Guardian becomes a daily; 1907 - CP Scott buys Manchester Guardian from Taylor family for £242,000.

May 13, 1821 - Samuel Rust, of New York City, received patent for a "Printing Press"; Washington press, first practical,  successful printing press built in America.

August 4, 1821 - Atkinson & Alexander published first edition of Saturday Evening Post; four page newspaper with no illustrations; 1897 - acquired for $1,000 by Cyrus H. Curtis, owner of Ladies' Home Journal; January 1898 - redesigned, reappeared as a journal with emphasis on business, public affairs, romance; 1899 - George Horace Lorimer hired as literary editor; March 1916 - Lorimer met Norman Rockwell (22), artist from New York, immediately accepted two front covers; start of 45-year relationship with magazine; November 22, 1919 - first 200 page issue; 1937 - circulation reached 3,000,000; December, 1963 - last of Rockwell's 317 covers in magazine's attempt to update its image by abandoning paintings on front cover; February 8, 1969 - ceased publication; failed to increase circulation or advertising revenue to offset printing cost.

October 20, 1822 - "The Sunday Times" first published in England.

1824 - Chelmsford (MA) Journal published; 1835 - acquired by publishers of Lowell (MA) Courier; 1867 - acquired by George A. Marden, Edward T. Rowell; 1878 - Lowell Daily Citizen (founded by 1856 merger of three newspapers) printed first Boston Telephone Directory; 1882 - Citizen Newspaper Co. formed; 1894 - Lowell Courier merged with Lowell Daily Citizen/Citizen Newspaper Co., formed Courier-Citizen Co.; published morning, afternoon papers; Edward T. Rowell elected president; 1899 - George Marden elected president after Rowell's death; 1906 - Phillip S. Marden (son) elected president; 1941 - newspaper division acquired by The Lowell Sun; 1966 - James F. Conway, Jr., elected president, CEO; 1972 - Courier-Citizen went public; 1988 - 50% interest acquired by NADCO; James F. Conway III named president (chairman of the board in 1994); 2000 - acquired Dover Publications, Inc.; recognized by Forbes Magazine as one of "The Best 200 Companies in America."

February 4, 1826 - "The Last of the Mohicans" by James Fennimore Cooper published; one of earliest distinctive American novels, second of five-novel series called "Leather-stocking Tales"; first major American novelist after publishing his second best-selling novel, "The Spy".

1825 - Daniel Appleton founded D. Appleton & Co.; 1933 - merges with the Century Co. (founded in 1881); 1948 - merged with the F.S. Crofts Co. (founded in 1924); 1960 - bought by the Meredith Publishing Co.

March 16, 1827 - Freedom Journal, first black-owned and operated newspaper in the United States, founded by group of free black men in New York City as a four-page, four-column standard-sized weekly.

July 11, 1828 - Robert Stephen Rintoul, with assistance of friends, founded The Spectator in London (advertised as 'The New London Weekly Paper, by the original Editor and contributors of the Atlas'); principal aim was to convey intelligence by summarizing news of week from London dailies; converted to outlook and opinion; 1858 - acquired by a Mr Scott for a lump sum plus an annuity; 1861 - acquired by Meredith Townsend; formed partnership with Richard Holt Hutton (Unitarian minister); 1922 - Sir Evelyn Wrench took over business side of newspaper (acquired controlling interest for £25,000 in 1925); Sir Angus Watson, businessman from Newcastle. held minority stake; 1954 - acquired by Ian Gilmour, became editor-cum-proprietor; 1967 - acquired by Harry Creighton; 1975 - paper and the premises (since 1929) acquired by Henry Keswick (Jardine Matheson dynasty); 2004 - acquired (with Daily and Sunday Telegraphs) for £665m by Sir David and Sir Frederick Barclay (multi-millionaire twin brothers from Channel Islands, owners of Scotsman newspaper and London's Ritz hotel).

April 14, 1828 - Noah Webster, Yale-educated lawyer with avid interest in language and education, published American Dictionary of the English Language, with dictionary with 70,000 entries (almost exactly 63 years after Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language was published); one of the first lexicons to include distinctly American words (more than 10,000 "Americanisms"); standardized English spelling (process that had started as early as 1473, when printer William Caxton published the first book printed in English).

June 1, 1829 - John R. Walker and John Norvell published first edition of Pennsylvania Inquirer; November 1829 - acquired by Jesper Harding, Bible publisher; July 1, 1930 - renamed Pennsylvania Inquirer and Morning Journal; June 2, 1834 - name changed to Pennsylvania Inquirer and Daily Courier; January 1, 1842 - name changed to Pennsylvania Inquirer and National Gazette; 1859 - William W. Harding (son) became owner; April 2, 1860 - name changed to Philadelphia Inquirer (circulation of 7,000, price reduced to 2 cents/copy); 1889 - acquired by British-born James Elverson, Sr., Civil War telegrapher to Secretary of State Seward; press room electrically-powered; convinced that employment advertisements increased circulation; 1911- Elverson's son became publisher; 1929 - Eleanor Elverson Patenotre (daughter) became owner; March 1930 - controlling interest acquired by Curtis-Martin Newspapers (combined circulation of Curtis-Martin newspapers in Philadelphia over 823,000); defaulted on payments, reclaimed by Elverson Corporation; 1936 - acquired by Moses L. Annenberg; 1969 - acquired by Knight Newspapers, merged with Ridder Publishing Company; third oldest newspaper daily newspaper in United States.

October 4, 1830 - Isaac Adams, of Boston, MA, received a patent (un-numbered) for a "wooden-frame 'double-feeder' printing from a single forme"; first power printing press capable of fine book work

1831 - George and Charles Merriam opened G. & C. Merriam Co., printing and bookselling operation in Springfield, MA; 1843 - acquired rights to Webster's dictionary upon Webster's death; September 24, 1847 - first Merriam Webster dictionary published (priced at $6, generated $250,000 in royalties to Webster's heirs over the ensuing 25 years); 1850 - Massachusetts ordered copy for every school, New York ordered 10,000 copies to be used in schools throughout the state; 1898 - Webster's Collegiate Dictionary published (largest abridgement of Merriam-Webster's unabridged dictionary); 1899 - expiration of copyright on Merriam-Webster's 1847 edition (repeated court challenges over copyrights and trademarks); 1947 -Merriam-Webster Pocket Dictionary published; 1982 - company renamed Merriam-Webster Inc.

May 5, 1831 - Sheldon McKnight founded Democratic Free Press and Michigan Intelligencer, a 4-page weekly; January 4, 1848 - name changed to Detroit Free Press; April 1940 - bought by John S. Knight; 1974 - part of Knight Ridder

September 2, 1833 - The New York Sun, first "penny paper," was published.

February 18, 1834 - First U.S. labor newspaper, "The Man," published, New York City.

May 6, 1835 - James Gordon Bennett, Sr. published first edition of New York Herald (price 1 cent).

1836 - Joshua Ballinger (J. B.) Lippincott established publishing business in Philadelphia; 1978 - acquired by Harper & Row.

1836 - J. B. Wolters founded Schoolbook Publishing Company in Groningen, Netherlands; 1858 - P. Noordhoff established Noordhoff publishing house; 1886 - Nicolaas Samson left civil service to run publishing business; 1891 - Ebele E. Kluwer published first textbook; 1968 - Wolters merged with Noordhoff; 1970 - Samson merged with A.W. Sijthoff, formed Information & Communications Union (ICU); 1972 - Wolters-Noordhoff merged with ICJ (book and journal publisher for administrative market); 1983 - ICU renamed Wolters-Samson; 1987 - Kluwer merged with Wolters-Samson to fend off hostile takeover by Elsevier, became Wolters Kluwer.

March 31, 1836 - First 400 copies of monthly installment of The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, by 24-year-old writer Charles Dickens, published under pseudonym Boz; 40,000 copies printed by 15th episode; 1837 - published in book form.

July 30, 1836 - Island Gazette and Journal of Commerce first English newspaper published in Hawaii; sporadically published, lasted three years; 1856 - first regular English language paper established, weekly Pacific Commercial Advertiser; 1882 - Advertiser became daily; 1921 - name changed to Honolulu Advertiser.

1837 - Charles C. Little and James Brown formed publishing business, Little, Brown and Company.

1837 - Solomon Juneau, one-time fur-trader, later successful businessman, first mayor of Milwaukee, founded Milwaukee Sentinel newspaper; mid-1840s - became a daily; 1924 - acquired by Hearst Corporation; 1962 - announced the closing of the paper, following long, costly strike; acquired by Journal Company; became Monday-through-Saturday paper; 1995 -Milwaukee Journal and Sentinel merged; April 2, 1995 - Journal Sentinel first published.

January 7, 1837 - John Adams Green, Edmund Butler Osborne established weekly Quincy Patriot (hometown paper of President John Quincy Adams); July 1, 1851 - acquired by Gideon F. Thayer, George White; 1852 - George Washington Prescott (18) began as carrier; April 1852 - Thayer interest acquired by White; April 1853 - re-acquired by John Green (died 1861); 1869 - Prescott, former business manager, formed Green & Prescott, partnership with Mrs. Green); 1894 - Prescott acquired full ownership; 1899 - Prescott started daily The Quincy Daily Ledger; 1908 - Annie L. Prescott (daughter) took over; 1916 - weekly, daily merged into The Quincy Patriot Ledger; 1937 - Russell Cutler Low (brother-in-law) became president; 1979 - G.W. Prescott Publishing Co. acquired Memorial Press Group, award-winning Old Colony Memorial (Plymouth, MA); 1997 - acquired by Newspaper Media LLC; 2006 - acquired by GateHouse Media (87 dailies in 20 states, 198 paid weeklies; one of largest publishers of locally based print, online media in United States).

February 25, 1837 - Thomas Davenport, of Brandon, VT, received patent for an "Electric Motor"; ("an Improvement in Propelling Machinery by Magnetism and Electro-Magnetism"); first U.S. electric printing press.

May 17, 1837 - Arunah  Shepherdson Abell founded Baltimore Sun; four tabloid-size pages, sold for a penny.

1838 - George Palmer Putnam (24) and John Wiley founded Wiley & Putnam; 1848 - partnership dissolved, forms G. Putnam Broadway; 1872 - name changed to G. P. Putnam's Son's.

November 3, 1838 - The Times of India, world's largest circulated English language daily broadsheet newspaper,  founded as The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce.

March 23, 1839 - First recorded use of "OK" [oll korrect] (Boston's Morning Post).

January 18, 1840 - First use of line diagram to illustrate  current event in U.S. newspaper; Extra Sun published with finely drawn, violently realistic picture of flaming vessel, depicted January 15 burning in Long Island Sound of Steamboat Lexington (over 100 lives lost).

June 22, 1841 - Adrien Delcambre and James Haddon Young of Lisle, France,  received first U.S. patent for a "Type Setter" ("Machine fore Setting Type"); typesetting machine with piano-style keys to operate push-type levers that released type to fall by gravity.

July 17, 1841 - Wood engraver Ebenezer Landells and writer Henry Mayhew founded Punch magazine; taken over by the printing firm of Bradbury and Evans (1872 - became Bradbury and Agnew); 1969 - acquired by United Newspapers; 1992 - closed; September 1996 - Mohamed Al Fayed re-launched the magazine with a glittering party at Harrods; 2002 - magazine closed again.

1842 - The Daily News began publishing in Galveston, TX; 1843 - Willard Richardson became editor, made it one of nation's first papers to be distributed statewide by rail; 1865 - Alfred Horatio Belo joined The Daily News (most powerful newspaper in Texas); succeeded Richardson, became majority owner of Company; 1882 - A. H. Belo Corporation incorporated; sent George Bannerman Dealey, young associate, north to select location for sister newspaper; 1885 - The Dallas Morning News began publishing under Dealey; 1920 - Dealey became president of Company; 1922 - launched WFAA-AM, one of first radio stations in U.S., first network affiliate in Texas; 1926 - company renamed A.H. Belo Corporation; 1930s - became first "super-power" radio station in Southwest; 1997 - acquired The Providence Journal Company, biggest transaction in its history (The Providence Journal; KING-TV, etc.); 2001 - name changed to Belo Corp.

January 7, 1842 - Joseph W. Gray founded Plain Dealer weekly newspaper in Cleveland, OH with $1,000 investment, 300 subscribers, single, hand -powered press; January 2, 1885 - acquired by Liberty E. Holden; operated as The Plain Dealer Publishing Company, part of Forest City Publishing Company; 1913 - placed in trust; 1932 - merged, with Cleveland News, into Forest City Publishing Company; 1963 - Thomas V. H. Vail (36, Holden's great-grandson) became publisher/editor; March 1, 1967 - acquired by Advance Publications (Newhouse Newspapers) for $54.2 million; 1968 - Ohio's largest daily newspaper.

May 10, 1842 - Julius Springer (25) founded bookstore in Berlin, quickly followed by publishing house, Springer-Verlag; focused on political writings, youth literature, agriculture and forestry, pharmacy and engineering; 1881 - logo, Knight from chess, created; 1924 - opened Vienna office; 1964 - opened office in New York; 1999 - majority share in Springer-Verlag acquired by Bertelsmann; April 1, 2003 - BertelsmannSpringer, Kluwer Academic Publishers acquired by Cinven and Candover (British financial investors); 2004 - merged.

May 14, 1842 - Illustrated London News first published.

November 9, 1842 - George Bruce, of New York City, received first U.S. design patent, for typefaces and borders; August 29, 1842 - Act of Congress authorized this new form of patent.

1843 - James Wilson, hat maker from Scottish town of Hawick, founded The Economist  to campaign: 1) for free trade, internationalism and minimum interference by government and 2) against the protectionist Corn Laws (repealed in 1846).

1843 - Daniel and Alexander Macmillan, from Scottish Isle of Arran, formed Macmillan publishing; 1988 - acquired for $2.5 billion by Robert Maxwell; 1999 - acquired by Georg von Holtzbrinck publishing group; June 2004 - acquired Scribner Book Companies for $15 million.

October 1, 1843 - "The News of the World," Britain's most popular Sunday newspaper, first published.

December 19, 1843 - Charles Dickens' classic story "A Christmas Carol" published in England.

1844 - Samuel Pearson & Son established small building firm in Huddersfield in the north of England; 1880 - Westman Dickinson Pearson, grandson of Samuel Pearson and later First Viscount Cowdray, took control of the company; 1897 - Pearson incorporated as S. Pearson & Sons, Inc.; 1920 - formed Westminster Press; 1957 - acquired Financial Times, 50% stake in The Economist; 1968 - acquired publisher Longman; 1971 - acquired Penguin Group.

April 17, 1844 - Richard M. Hoe, of New York, NY, received a patent for an "Inking-Roller"; cylinder and flatbed combination printing press.

September 17, 1844 - Thomas F. Adams of Philadelphia, PA, received a patent for a "Machine for Printing in Colors"; printing press with different colors of ink applied in one impression, called "polychrome printing"; process used several ink fountains feeding different color rollers which operated in parallel on the same axle, to produce stripes of different colors to ink corresponding lines of type.

August 28, 1845 - Rufus Porter published first issue of "The Advocate of Industry and Enterprise, and Journal of Mechanical and Other Improvements" (Scientific American, circulation less than 300); July 1846 - sold for $800 to Orson Desaix Munn (22) and Alfred Ely Beach (20); founded Munn & Company; 1848 - circulation of 10,000; 1850 - founded first branch of U.S. Patent Agency; 1852 - circulation  of 20,000; 1853 - 30,000; 1948 - acquired by Gerard Piel, Dennis Flanagan and Donald Miller; founded Scientific American, Inc.; 1986 - acquired by Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck,  German-based publishing group; oldest continuously published magazine in the U.S.

1846 - Charles Scribner, Isaac D. Baker, New York City dry goods merchant, opened publishing business, Baker & Scribner, in meeting rooms leased from The Brick Meeting House, corner of Nassau Street and Park Row in New York City; annual rent: $600; 1879 - business conducted as Charles Scribner's Sons; 1999 - joined Thomson Gale; June 2004 - Scribner Book Companies acquired by Macmillan for $15 million.

February 5, 1846 - "Oregon Spectator" first newspaper  published on West Coast.

January 9, 1847 - Sam Brannan, Elbert P. Jones, Edward C. Kemble published first edition of The California Star; 4-page weekly; San Francisco's first newspaper; June 10, 1848 - publication temporarily halted, staff had rushed off to Sierra gold fields; November 11, 1848 - acquired competitor, The Californian; January 22, 1849 - Kemble changed name to The Alta California; first daily newspaper in California; 1891 - ceased publication.

June 10, 1847 - James Kelly (leather), John E. Wheeler, Joseph K.C. Forrest published first edition of Chicago Daily Tribune (city's third newspaper) in one-room plant located at LaSalle and Lake Streets; 400 copies printed on hand press; June 18, 1855 - acquired by Joseph Medill (32), editor of Cleveland Morning Leader, Dr. Charles Ray; 1874 - Medill gained full control of newspaper; 1911 - Robert R. McCormick, Joseph Medill Patterson (Medill grandsons) assumed leadership of company; 1918 - Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate formed; 1924 -  WGN Radio (720 AM) went on air (call letters reflected Chicago Tribune’s renowned slogan, "World’s Greatest Newspaper"); 1948 - established WGN-TV in Chicago, followed by WPIX-TV in New York; 1981 - Tribune Broadcasting Company formed; acquired Chicago Cubs baseball team from Wrigley family for $20.5 million; 1982 - Tribune Entertainment Company formed; 1995 - revenues of $2.2 billion; June 2000 - completed $8.3 billion merger with Times Mirror Company (Los Angeles Times) - largest acquisition in newspaper industry history; December 20, 2007 -  Zell, Chicago real estate magnate, completed $8.2 billion takeover of company.

July 24, 1847 - Richard M. Hoe, of New York City, received a patent for a "Printing Press" (a "new and useful Improvement in the Method of Giving the Reciprocating recti-Linear Motion to the bed of the Napier Printing-Press"); rotary type printing press - created a revolution in printing by rolling a cylinder over stationary plates of inked type, used the cylinder to make an impression on paper, eliminated the need for making impressions directly from the type plates themselves, which were heavy and difficult to maneuver.

1848 - Rotary press first introduced.

May 1848 - David Hale, publisher of the Journal of Commerce, and James Gordon  Bennett, publisher of New York Herald, founded Associated Press cooperative to offset the prohibitive cost of the telegraph.

June 26, 1849 - Barlow Granger published first edition of Iowa Star; 1903 - sold to banker Gardener Cowles; 1915 - name changed to Des Moines Register; 1985 - sold to Gannet.

1850 - Samuel Merrill bought Indianapolis bookstore, entered publishing business; name changed to Merrill, Meigs  and Company; 1883 - name changed to Bowen-Merrill Company; 1899 - acquired Houghton-Mifflin law-book division, became major publisher of legal texts; 1903 - William C. Bobbs became a partner, name changed to Bobbs-Merrill Company; 1908 - entered educational publishing 1959 - acquired by Howard W. Sams Company, text book publisher.

March 16, 1850 - ''The Scarlet Letter'', by Nathaniel Hawthorne, published; story of adultery, betrayal in colonial America.

September 18, 1851 - Henry Jarvis Raymond, George Jones published  first edition of New-York Daily Times; August 18, 1896 - controlling interest acquired by Adolph Ochs (borrowed $250, acquired controlling interest in 4-page Chattanooga Times daily in 1878) for $75,000, nearly all of it borrowed; installed himself as publisher;  circulation: 9,000; October 10, 1898 - price of daily paper reduced to 1 cent; circulation tripled within year, to 76,000 from 26,000, advertising revenues soared.

October 1851 - Paul Julius Reuter, German immigrant, opened office in City of London; transmitted stock market quotations between London. Paris via new Calais-Dover cable.1865 - Reuters Telegram Company went public; 1916 - reorganized as private company, Reuters Ltd.; 1925 - majority holding acquired by Press Association, UK press agency; 1941 - restructured, owned by British National and Provincial Press; 1947 - Press Associations of Australia and New Zealand added as owners; 1970 - introduced Videomaster (screen display of stock, commodity prices); 1984 - Reuters Holdings PLC went public; 1986 - acquired Instinet, world's largest electronic agency brokerage firm; 1994 - launched Reuters Financial Television Service; 1998 - acquired Lipper Analytical Services ,leading fund performance measurement company; 1999 - formed Factiva, interactive business services joint venture with Dow Jones, for corporate, professional markets; April 17, 2008 - acquired by Thomson Corp. for $16.6 billion; renamed Thomson Reuters Corp.

October 18, 1851 - Herman Melville's Moby-Dick first published by Richard Bentley of London as The Whale; November 14,  1851 - Harper & Brothers in New York published Moby-Dick; book flopped; many years before the book was recognized as an American classic.

November 1, 1851 - Atlantic Monthly first published.

1852 - Henry Houghton founded Riverside Press, a printing company; partners with George Mifflin to form publishing business; 1880 - merges operations with publishers William Ticknor and James Fields to form Houghton, Mifflin and Company; 1908 - incorporated; 1921 -fourth-largest educational publisher in the United States.

March 20, 1852 - Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel about slavery, ''Uncle Tom's Cabin,'' published; wrote book in reaction to recently tightened fugitive slave laws; sold 300,000 copies within three months; 1862 - so widely read that when President Abraham Lincoln met Stowe, he reportedly said, "So this is the little lady who made this big war."

April 29, 1852 - First edition of Peter Roget's Thesaurus published.

July 6, 1853 - William Wells Brown published "Clotel, or, The President’s Daughter", believed first novel by black American; story about Thomas Jefferson's relationship with a slave mistress Sally Hemings.

1854 - London Times offered £1,000 for discovery of alternative raw material for paper (other than cotton and linen rags) – wood not used in paper manufacture until 1880s.

June 29, 1855 - Colonel Arthur B. Sleigh established The Daily Telegraph and Courier;  September 17, 1855 - taken over, re-launched  by Joseph Moses Levy, printer and owner of the Sunday Times, as payment for bad debt; sold for a penny; 1928 - acquired by William and Gomer Berry; 1937 - absorbed The Morning Post; 1986 - acquired by Conrad Black.

July 4, 1855 - Walt Whitman's first edition of self-published Leaves of Grass printed; contained dozen poems. 1856 - second edition included "Sundown Poem," later called "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry," one of his most beloved pieces.

August 4, 1855 - John Bartlett (29), ran then owned Harvard University Bookstore, privately printed first edition of his compilation as "A Collection of Familiar Quotations" (258 pages contained entries from 169 authors); great success; 1863 - joined Boston publishing firm of Little, Brown, and Company after having issued three more editions; rose to senior partner of the firm.

June 1856 - William Rand opened small printing shop in Chicago's Loop, precursor of Rand McNally; 1864 - began  partnership with Andrew McNally; took over management, then ownership, of Chicago Tribune's job printing shop; formed  Rand McNally & Company; printed tickets, timetables to serve railroads of Chicago, nation's premier railroad hub; 1869 - published Western Railway Guide, first railroad guide; August 1871 - published first map in Railway Guide; 1873 - published first railway map of U. S., produced first machine-colored maps, incorporated; 1876 - introduced Rand McNally's Business Atlas, later renamed Commercial Atlas & Marketing Guide (still produced today); 1899 - William Rand left company to pursue other interests; Andrew McNally became President, his family ran business for next century; 1904 - Rand McNally' published first automobile road map, New Automobile Road Map of New York City & Vicinity ("mapping solutions" began when Andrew McNally took photos of every intersection he passed on his honeymoon trip); April 15, 1924 - released first comprehensive road atlas, "Auto Chum"; first edition of what became best-selling Rand McNally Road Atlas; 1937 - opened first Map & Travel Store) in New York City); 1974 - Andrew McNally IV named president; 1997 - acquired by New York-based AEA Investors LLC (private investment firm founded in 1968 by Rockefeller, Mellon,  Harriman families) for $500 million; 2003 - filed for bankruptcy protection as part of deal to be acquired by Leonard Green & Partners L.P (Los Angeles); December 6, 2007 - acquired by Patriarch Partners LLC, private investment firm.

July 2, 1856 - Henry M. Whitney, son of members of first company of missionaries to Hawaiian Islands, published first issue of weekly Pacific Commercial Advertiser; 1870 - acquired by printers James Black and William Auld; 1880 - acquired by sugar baron, Claus Spreckels (for whom Spreckelsville, Maui, is named); 1882 - began daily production; 1888 - acquired by Hawaiian Gazette Company, 1895 - acquired by Lorrin A. Thurston, former secretary of Hawaiian Gazette Company, descendant of missionaries, militant leader in Hawaiian affairs for more than half a century; 1921 - name changed to The Honolulu Advertiser; 1931 - Lorrin P. Thurston (son) succeeded as president, publisher; 1961 - Thurston Twigg-Smith (nephew) succeeded; 1967 - formed Persis Corporation (known as Asa Hawaii Corporation until 1978) as Advertiser's parent company; 1992 - acquired from Persis Corporation by Gannett Pacific Corporation (subsidiary of Gannett Company); March 2001 - joint operating agreement, Hawaii Newspaper Agency dissolved; The Honolulu Advertiser, Star-Bulletin separated their business relationship, began publishing separately; largest statewide daily, Sunday newspaper, reaches more homes, readers than any other publication in Hawaii.

October 7, 1856 - Cyrus Chambers, Jr., of Kennet Square, PA, received a patent for a "Paper Folding Machine"  ("fold paper for books and other purposes the desired number of times so that the pages will come in their regular order and proper position with respect to each other and irrespective of the edge"); installed in Bible printing house of Jasper Harding & Son, Philadelphia, PA, to fold book and newspaper sheets; made three right angle folds to produce a sixteen page folded signature; 1873 - a machine was patented which folded a 16-page section and one of 8 pages, inset the latter, pasted it in place; also devices to cut and slit paper as it went through the machine were introduced.

December 1, 1856 - Associated Practical Printers (7 printers) published first edition of Daily Morning Call in San Francisco; James J. Ayers, co-founder, first editor; May 23, 1866 - P. B. Forster and Company became publisher; 1871 - name of publisher changed to San Francisco Call Company; January 8, 1895 - Charles M. Shortridge listed as Editor and Proprietor (had also owned the San Jose Daily Mercury); August 14, 1897 - acquired by John D. Spreckels (also acquired San Diego Union and Daily Bee); 1898 - built Call/Spreckels  Building (315 feet - tallest building for many years west of Mississippi); December 14, 1913 - Morning Call acquired by San Francisco Chronicle; September 1, 1913 - ceased publication.

1857 - The Philological Society of London called for new English Dictionary; February 1, 1884 - First portion, or fascicle, of the actual Oxford English Dictionary was published; April, 1928 - last volume was published (over 400,000 words and phrases in ten volumes); 1989 - Second edition of Oxford English Dictionary published (22,000 pages bound in twenty substantial volumes).

1857 - John Frederick Feeney, John Jaffray founded the Birmingham Daily Post in Birmingham, England as a Monday to Friday Paper of four pages, priced at one penny; 1870 - John Feeney (son) started evening offshoot of the "Daily Post", the "Daily Mail"; 1894 - became operator of the "Post" and the "Mail" (retirement of Sir John Jaffray); largest selling broadsheet in the West Midlands region; first to introduce Linotype machines, and the first to have a London office linked by private wire to its headquarters; 1991 - acquired in management buy-out, Midland Independent Newspapers (MIN) formed; November 1997 - Mirror Group acquired MIN for 305 million pounds; September 1999 - Mirror Group merged with Trinity plc (founded 1985) to become biggest newspaper publisher in the UK (240 regional papers, 5 national titles, 4 sports newspapers).

January 3, 1857 - Fletcher Harper (Harper Brothers) published first issue of Harper's Weekly; editorials played  significant role in shaping, reflecting public opinion from start of the Civil War to end of the century; circulation exceeded 100,000, peaked at 300,000 on occasion, readership probably exceeded half a million people.

February 3, 1857 - James McClatchy published first issue of The Daily Bee in Sacramento, CA: "The name of The Bee has been adopted as being different from that of any other paper in the state and as also being emblematic of the industry which is to prevail in its every department"; 1883 - Valentine Stuart and Charles Kenny (sons) bought out last remaining co-owner of newspaper after their father's death; September 1, 1923 - After nearly 40 years of running the company as equals, brothers agreed to bid privately against each other for sole control of company; C.K. submitted higher bid, took over; 1979 - acquired first out-of-state newspapers; 1989 - Erwin Potts became first non-family member to head company; 1999 - revenues exceed $1 billion for the first time; 2004 - 20th consecutive year of daily circulation growth, record unmatched in U.S. newspaper industry; March 13, 2006 - McClatchy Company announced agreement to purchase Knight Ridder, United States' second largest chain of daily newspapers for $4.5 billion in cash and stock; gave McClatchy 32 daily newspapers in 29 markets, total circulation of 3.3 million.

September 15, 1857 - Timothy Alden, of New York, NY, received a patent for a ""Type Setting and Distributing Machine"; type arranged in cells around the circumference of a horizontal wheel which picked up and dropped desired type in proper order in a line from several receivers as it rotated.

November 1857 - Moses Dresser Phillips published first issue of The Atlantic, new journal of American politics, art and literature; featured poems by Emerson, Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier and James Russell Lowell (magazine's first editor).

April 23, 1859 - William Byers beat rival publisher (Cherry Creek Pioneer) by 20 minutes, distributed first newspaper (The Rocky Mountain News) ever published in frontier boomtown of Denver, Colorado.

November 24, 1859 - John Murray Publishing published British naturalist Charles Darwin's ''On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection'' (or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life) in England; laid groundwork for modern botany, cellular biology, and genetics; immediately sold out  initial print run; 1872 - book had run through six editions. 

June 7, 1860 - First U.S. "dime novel" published: "Malaseka, The Indian Wife of the White Hunter," by Mrs. Ann Stevens.

1861 - First paper named Stars and Stripes produced by Union soldiers during Civil War from facilities of captured newspaper plant in Bloomfield, MO; one-page paper appeared only four times; February 8, 1918 - revived in Paris, largely the creation of Second Lieutenant Guy T. Viskniskki, an AEF press officer and former censor at the American Field Test Headquarters in Neufchateau, France; produced weekly by an all-military staff to serve the doughboys of the American Expeditionary Force under General of the Armies John J. "Black Jack" Pershing; June 13, 1919 -  publication ceased;  April 18, 1942 - second renaissance as small group of servicemen founded a four-page weekly paper in a London print shop ([peak circulation of 526,000); May 8, 1945 - Pacific edition launched; remains in publication without interruption.

1861 - A. Jerome (Ai) Barney, Jerome A. Barney (son) founded Marin County Journal (California). county's first newspaper; October 5, 1872 - acquired by Simon Fitch Barstow; 1900 - Harry Granice (The Sonoma Index-Tribune) established San Rafael Independent; November 1, 1926 - Independent acquired by Harry Lutgens (Sonoma Valley Forum, Sebastopol Times, press secretary to Governor Friend W. Richardson); October 1927 - went daily; 1937 - acquired by California Newspapers. Inc. (Jack Craemer, Roy A. Brown, William Hart); 1948 - merged with Marin Journal, formed Marin Independent Journal; December 7, 1979 - acquired by Gannett; 2000 - acquired by MediaNews group (William Dean Singleton).

August 31, 1861 - Full pages of New York Tribune printed for  first time in U.S. using curved stereotype plates. Such plates were first cast by Charles Craske in 1854 in New York City for a Hoe rotary press.

February 3, 1862 - Thomas Edison (15 years old) became the first publisher of a newspaper produced and sold on a moving train, Grand Trunk Herald; set up a small press in the baggage car of the Grand Trunk Railroad train from Port Huron to Detroit, MI; single sheet, measuring 7-in. x 8-in., included local news and advertisements for his father's store; at its peak, he sold about 200 copies a day to train riders.

January 15, 1863 - Woodpulp paper was first used in the U.S. for a printed newspaper by the Boston Morning Herald of Boston, MA (four-page eight column newspaper that sold for 3 cents per copy).

April 14, 1863 - William Bullock, of Pittsburgh, PA, received a patent for a "Printing Press" ("for printing from movable type of stereotype printing plates...that class of power printing process in which the paper is furnished to the machine in a continuous web or roll"; continuous-roll printing press; 1865 - machine built, used by the New York Sun; first press to use special curved stereo-type plates; both sides of the paper were printed, cut into sheets.

1864 - Richard R. Donnelley, from Hamilton, ON, offered partnership by Chicago publisher Goodman and Church; 1870 - name changed to Church Goodman & Donnelly Printers; 1871 - renamed Lakeside Publishing and Printing Company (destroyed in Chicago Fire of 1871); 1873 - re-organized, with business manager Alex T. Lloyd; company named Donnelley & Lloyd; started publishing directories; 1877 - company refinanced as Donnelley, Gasselte & Loyd (Donnelley as minority partner); 1880 - established The Chicago Directory Company; 1881 - bought out partners; 1882 - reorganized printing company as R. R. Donnelley & Sons; May 15, 1886 - with Reuben H. Donnelley (son) in charge, with Chicago Telephone Company as partner, published first Chicago Telephone Directory, based on City of Chicago subscriber list (published three times a year); birth of telephone directory Industry, classified telephone directory advertising industry (Yellow Pages); 1890 - incorporated as R.R. Donnelley & Sons; 1899 - Thomas Elliott Donnelley (son) became President; post WW II - Elliott, Gaylor Donnelley (grandsons), Charles Haffner, Jr. (son-in-law) assumed control.

October 1864 - Dr. Louis Charles Roundanez founded The New Orleans Tribune; first Black daily newspaper in the United States.

January 16, 1865 - Charles and Michael de Young (19 and 17) founded Daily Dramatic Chronicle in San Francisco with a borrowed $20 gold piece; circulation: 2,000; San Francisco population: 60,000; September 1, 1868 - changed name to Morning Chronicle; July 27, 2000 - Hearst Corporation acquired The Chronicle from The Chronicle Publishing Company.

1866 -  Henry Holt, Frederick Leypoldt founded publishing firm of Leypoldt and Holt in New York; 1873 - renamed Henry Holt and Co.; November 1985 - acquired by Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck. 

November 2, 1867 - HARPER'S BAZAR, American weekly women's fashion magazine, began publication in large newspaper format design of Harper's Weekly; intended for women of middle and upper socio-economic classes of  second half of 19th century; provided fashions from Paris and the German fashion newspaper, Bazar; focus was on "....the useful with the beautiful, and aiming to include every thing that will be interesting to the family circle.... Being intended largely for ladies, it will devote a considerable space to the matters which fall particularly under their jurisdiction, such as dress and household affairs"; 1901 - became a monthly; 1929 - title changed to Harper's Bazaar.

1868 - Edwin Ginn founded Ginn & Co. in Boston, MA; July 1910 - established the International School of Peace; December 1910 - became World Peace Foundation to promote better international relations and world order by preparing and distributing specialized literature, mostly to college and university libraries, and by holding conferences; 1985 - acquired by Simon & Schuster.

1868  - Henry Watterson merged Louisville Journal (est. 1830), Louisville Courier (est. 1843), Democrat (est. 1844); November 8, 1868  - first delivery of Louisville Courier-Journal; 1918 - Judge Robert Worth Bingham bought two-thirds interest in the newspapers, 1920 - acquired remaining stock.

1868 - Matthew Hodder and Thomas Wilberforce Stoughton formed Hodder & Stoughton; 1840s - Matthew Hodder (14) employed with Messrs Jackson and Walford, official publisher for Congregational Union; 1861 - firm renamed Jackson, Walford and Hodder; Jackson and Walford retired.

1868 - James B. Martindale, lawyer and businessman, incorporated Martindale Law and Collection Association (Indianapolis, IN), published The United States Law Directory; 1870 - John H. Hubbell founded J. H. Hubbell & Company, published Hubbell's Legal Directory; 1874 - first edition of Martindale's United States Law Directory "to furnish to lawyers, bankers, wholesale merchants, manufacturers, real estate agents, and all others…the address of one reliable law firm, one reliable bank, and one reliable real estate office in every city in the United States..."; 1931 - two, single-volume publications merged into Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory; first edition published by J.J. Little & Ives Company, New York, as two-volume set; 1987 - first eight-volume edition; January 30, 1990 - acquired by Reed Publishing; 25 volumes and contains listings for over 900,000 attorneys and firms in the United States, Canada and throughout the world.

October 10, 1868 - Colonel William Jeff Gatewood, lawyer and publisher of the San Andreas Register, partner Edward W. Bushyhead, San Andreas miner and printer (retired June 1873), J. N. Briseno, printer, published first edition of San Diego Union (4 pages on hand press) at 2626 San Diego Avenue, Old Town; 1886 - acquired by San Diego Union Co.; 1890 - acquired by John D. and Adolph B. Spreckels; December 2, 1895 - T.D. Beasley, F.E.A. Kimball published first issue of The Evening Tribune as daily paper; 1901 - acquired by John D. Spreckels; 1928 - acquired from Spreckels estate by Ira Clifton Copley (The Copley Press Inc. of Illinois); February 2, 1992 - two newspapers merged, formed San Diego Union-Tribune; oldest business in San Diego County, second-oldest newspaper in Southern California.

November 4, 1869 - First issue of scientific journal Nature published. Astrophysicist Norman Lockyer (first editor), Thomas Henry Huxley encouraged Alexander Macmillan to publish "a general scientific journal"; House of Macmillan launched Nature,  weekly illustrated journal of science.

1871 - George Allen founded George Allen & Sons; August  1914 - George Allen & Unwin Ltd. formally registered.

1872 - Richard Rogers (R.R.) Bowker (24) collaborated with Frederick Leypoldt in publishing Publishers Weekly®; American book-trade journal; January 1866 - Leypoldt established publishing firm of Leypoldt and Holt with Henry Holt; 1868 - published monthly "Literary Bulletin"; 1870 - renamed "Trade Circular"; January 1872 - absorbed George W. Childs's "Publishers' Circular," issued weekly; 1873 - renamed "Publishers' Weekly."

March 4, 1872 - First edition of The Boston Globe (4 cents) established by Eben D. Jordan (founder of Jordan Marsh department stores in 1851) and five Boston businessmen; August 1973 - General Charles H. Taylor (27) took over as manager of The Boston Daily Globe ($100,000 deficit, losing $1,200/week); 1877 - reorganized, added The Sunday Globe; 1878 - added The Evening Globe; reduced price to 2 cents; converted to 'family' paper (vs. man's paper); 1895 - gained full control (through Jordan estate); 1958 - moved to Dorchester; 1973 - went public under name Affiliated Publications; 1993 - acquired by The New York Times Company for $1.1 billion.

1873 - Edward H. Butler founded Buffalo News.

June 24, 1873 - Samuel Clemens (aka Mark Twain), of Hartford, CT, received a patent for "Scrap-Books"; self-pasting Scrapbook; coat only sufficient area of  pages of scrapbook with mucilage or adhesive to hold piece that is to be pasted.

August 14, 1873 - First issue of "Field and Stream" magazine published.

February 1, 1873 - Jesse Yarnell, T. J. Caystile and Samuel J. Mathes published Los Angeles Weekly Mirror advertising sheet; printed by Mirror Printing Office and Book Bindery; December 4, 1881 - Nathan Cole Jr. & Thomas Gardiner launched Los Angeles Daily Times, went bankrupt; January 1, 1882 - Mathes assumed editorial control;  August 1, 1882 - former Union army lieutenant colonel Harrison Gray Otis assumed Times editorship and part control ( bought a quarter interest in Los Angels Daily Times for $6,000); October 1884 - acquired holdings of Yarnell, A.W. Francisco; Colonel Henry H. Boyce acquired Mathes's interest; gained control of Mirror and Mirror's printing company; incorporated Times-Mirror Company; 1886 - Otis bought Boyce's half-interest in paper, named himself president, general manager, editor-in-chief; 1891 - Weekly Mirror incorporated with Saturday Times, became Los Angeles Saturday Times & Weekly Mirror; 1965 - first newspaper to publish over 4 million classified advertisements in one year, first US newspaper to publish over 100 million lines of advertising in year; 1970 - bought controlling interest in Newsday; 1979 - acquired Hartford (Connecticut) Courant; 1980 - acquired Denver Post for $95 million; 1986 - acquired Baltimore Sun, Evening Sun, WMAR-TV for $600 million;  June 2000 - acquired by Tribune Company (Chicago Tribune) in $8.3 billion takeover.

February 21, 1874 - George Stanford, Benet A. Dewes founded Oakland Daily Tribune as 6" by 10", four-page daily; July 24, 1876 -acquired by William E. Dargie; created The Tribune Publishing Company, widened paper's news scope, used newspaper wire services to provide stories from around world; August 28, 1891 - name Oakland Tribune officially adopted; November 14, 1915 - first issue under new publisher, Joseph R. Knowland, former five-term Congressman; January 4, 1928 - founded The Tribune Publishing Corporation; 1977 - acquired by Karl Eller's Combined Communications Corporation; 1979 - acquired by Gannett in merger with Combined; 1983 - acquired for $17 million by Robert C. Maynard, editor; first major metropolitan newspaper owned by an African American; October 15, 1992 - acquired for $10 million by Alameda Newspaper Group, publisher of several competing suburban community newspapers.

April 1, 1875 - Sir Francis Galton published first newspaper weather map in The Times, London; first to identify the anticyclone (as opposed to the cyclone), introduced use of charts showing areas of similar air pressure.

1876 - William Cathcart, ageing Scot who had spent 50 years in "the Argentine" founded The Buenos Ayres Herald (original spelling); single sheet with advertising on front, mostly shipping coverage on back (odd general news, community item thrown in); 1877 - sold to D.W. Lowe of the United States; immediately discarded weekly publication in favor of daily news; 1925 - acquired by Junius Julius (J.J.) and Claude Ronald Rugeroni (came as Englishmen rather than Italians); 1959 - The Standard folded, left Buenos Aires Herald as Argentina's only English-language daily; 1968 - Evening Post Publishing Company (Charleston, SC) acquired controlling block of shares (largely corresponding to J.J. Rugeroni shares); 1998 - Evening Post Publishing Company acquired Rugeroni's shares in paper, became sole owner of Herald.

February 1876 - -U.S. Army Major Henry Martyn Robert, engineering officer in regular Army, published "Robert's Rules of Order" ("Pocket Manual of Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies") to bring rules of American Congress to members of ordinary societies; compendium of parliamentary law for parliamentarians, novice club presidents; name synonymous with orderly rule of reason in deliberative societies.

April 5, 1876 - Charles Fellows founded Flint (MI) Journal; March 3, 1883 - George McConnelly started publishing daily; 1911 - acquired by Booth Newspapers Inc.; 1961 - circulation surpassed 100,000 mark; 1976 - acquired by Newhouse family.

December 6, 1877 - Stilson Hutchins first published Washington Post (circulation of 10,000, four pages, 3 cents a copy); 1880 - published first Sunday edition; 1889 - acquired by Frank Hatton, Republican Cabinet member, and Beriah Wilkins, former Democratic congressman; 1905 - acquired by John McLean, owner of Cincinnati Enquirer; 1916 - Edward (Ned) McLean (son) became sole owner/publisher; switched paper's allegiance to Republican party, circulation dropped, advertising decreased, went into receivership; June 1, 1933 - acquired at auction by financier Eugene Meyer for $825,000; 1946 - Phil Graham (son-in-law) became publisher; August 4, 1947 - Washington Post Company incorporated; 1959 - became president of company; 1961 - acquired Newsweek magazine; 1963 - Katherine Graham became president after husband's suicide; 1966 - acquired stake in New York Herald-Tribune's Paris edition from Whitney Communications; 1967 - with NY Times and Whitney launched International Herald Tribune (subsequently jointly owned with NY Times); June 15, 1971 - went public; June 18, 1971 - printed first story on Pentagon Papers; June 16, 1972 - began reporting on break-in at  Democratic National Committee headquarters at Watergate; 1973 - Katherine Graham elected chairman of board, CEO of company;  1979 - Donald Graham (son) took over; 1984 - acquired Kaplan Inc., provider of educational, career services for individuals, schools, businesses for $45 million; 1991 - Donald named chief executive officer; with NY Times acquired Whitney stake in International Herald Tribune; 1993 - Donald became chairman of board; 1999 - acquired Arthur Frommer's Budget Travel; 2003 - sold 50% stake in International Herald Tribune to NY Times for $65 million; Washington Post newspaper publishing business made wholly-owned subsidiary; February 8, 2008 - Katharine Weymouth (41), great grand-daughter, named chief executive of Washington Post Media   (new division to oversee The Washington Post newspaper,  online component), publisher of Washington Post; 5th member of Meyer family to hold position since paper acquired in 1933.

1878 - Joseph Pulitzer bought The Evening Dispatch of St. Louis at auction for $2,500; May 10, 1883 - takes possession of New York World from Jay Gould.

January 28, 1878 - Yale Daily News published, first college daily newspaper.

December 4, 1881 - Los Angels Daily Times published first four-page issue.

1892 - Herman Ridder bought Staats-Zeitung, newspaper launched on December 24, 1834 for German residents of New York City; 1926 - acquired Journal of Commerce; 1942 - Ridder Publications incorporated in Delaware;1969 - went public; November 1974 - merged with Knight Newspapers, Inc.; December 3, 2007 - acquired by McClatchy Company for $4.5 billion.

1892 - Chandler Belden Beach, former sales agent in Chicago for Encyclopædia Britannica, published Youth's Cyclopedia (2 volumes); 1893 - published Student's Cyclopaedia (2 volumes); 1894 - Frank Elbert Compton became general manager ; 1905 - took over; 1907 - name changed to F. E. Compton & Co.; 1922 - produced Compton's Pictured Encyclopedia )8 volumes); 1961 - acquired by Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.

1892 - Louis Fairchild founded Fairchild Publications, Inc. in Chicago; dedicated to being first to break, report news in worlds of retail and style; July 13, 1910 - first issue of Women's Wear Daily; 1968 - acquired by Capital Cities Communications; 1999 - acquired by Advance Publications.

April 5, 1892 - Walter H. Coe, of Providence, RI, received a patent for a "Method of Packing Decorative Films" ("arranged in small books, the sheets of the films alternating with the protecting-leaves of the book"); method allowed correctly precut widths to be matched to application with correct lengths without need for overlapping pieces.

August 13, 1892 - Former slave John H. Murphy, Sr. began publishing U.S. black newspaper, "Afro-American" in Baltimore, MD; merged his church publication with two others; 1922 - newspaper grew from a one-page weekly church publication into most widely circulated black paper along the coastal Atlantic, used to challenge Jim Crow practices in Maryland; more than 100,000 regular readers; Afro-American Newspapers is leading news provider for African-Americans in the Baltimore / Washington, DC Metropolitan area, longest running African-American, family-owned newspaper in the nation; fourth generation members of the Murphy family continue to manage the paper.

October 31, 1892 - The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, by Arthur Conan Doyle, published; author had studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, met Dr. Joseph Bell, a teacher with extraordinary deductive power (partly inspired Doyle's character Sherlock Holmes years later); 1887 - first Sherlock Holmes story, "A Study in Scarlet," was published in Beeton's Christmas Annual; 1891 - a series of Holmes stories appeared in The Strand magazine; Conan Doyle gave up his medical practice and devoted himself to writing.

November 3, 1892 - 21 printers, four teenage apprentices, locked out during labour dispute at afternoon Toronto News, created The Toronto Evening Star; price of 1 cent/copy; 1899 - acquired by Sir Wilfrid Laurier for $32,000 (circulation of 7,000, 52 employees); December13, 1899 - Joseph E. Atkinson, former Ottawa correspondent for Toronto Globe, managing editor of the Montreal Herald, appointed managing editor, paid $5,000 a year ($3,000 in cash, rest in shares); January 24, 1900 - name changed to The Toronto Daily Star; 1903 - first newspaper in history of Canadian journalism to use wireless to cover news; 1909 - moved into first place among Toronto daily newspapers with circulation of 65,000; 1913 - Atkinson controlling shareholder; 1929 - 650 employees, circulation of 175,000, largest circulation newspaper in Canada; 1942 - Atkinson Charitable Foundation established; 1948 - shares (at death) bequeathed to charitable foundation; Joseph Story Atkinson (son) elected chairman of board, president of foundation; Harry C. Hindmarsh (son-in-law) elected president of The Star; March 25, 1949 - Ontario government introduced Charitable Gifts Act, limited charities to no more than 10% interest in businesses; May 27, 1958 - acquired by five trustees of Atkinson Charitable Foundation for $25,555,000 (highest price paid to that date for newspaper property anywhere); October 1975 - acquired controlling interest in Harlequin Enterprises; January 21, 1976 - board of directors approved corporate reorganization; Toronto Star Ltd. became holding company, The Toronto Star newspaper became wholly-owned subsidiary; 1977 - holding company named Torstar Corporation; May, 1981 - acquired remaining 30% of Harlequin Enterprises; August 1985 - signed share exchange agreement with Southam Press; Torstar acquired 23% interest in Southam, Southam acquired about 30% of Torstar's non-voting shares.

1894 - Albert Reed established UK newsprint mill; 1903 - Albert Reed & Co became public company; 1931 - Elsevier began international scientific publishing ventures; 1962 - US Elsevier Publishing Company founded; UK Elsevier Publishing Company founded; 1970 - Reed renamed Reed International Limited; acquired IPC-Mirror Group newspaper and significant magazine, periodical, book publishing and printing interests; 1971 - Elsevier Publishing Company NV, North Holland Publishing Company, Excerpta Media merged, formed Associated Scientific Publishers; 1974 - Reed's publishing activities separated into Mirror Group Newspapers and IPC; 1977 - Reed acquired full control of Cahners Publishing; 1979 - Elsevier Publishing Company renamed Elsevier Scientific Publishers (after merger with Nederlandse Dagbladunie); 1985 -Reed acquired R R Bowker and Online Computer Systems; 1990 - acquired Martindale Hubbell and Verlag A Franke; 1993 - Elsevier and Reed International merged; 2001 - acquired Harcourt General.

November 1, 1894 - William H. Donaldson, salesman for his father's lithography company, James H. Hennegan, worked for family printing firm, published first issue of Billboard Advertising magazine as monthly publication for billposting business ("devoted to the interests of advertisers, poster printers, bill posters, advertising agents and secretaries of fairs") in Cincinnati, OH; eight pages, cover price of 10 cents; November 1895 - 16 pages, one-year subscription of $1; June 1896 - Fair Department introduced to report on carnival, fair attractions that often were advertised on billboards; February 1897 - name changed to The Billboard (until 1961); November 1898 - Donaldson quit after dispute with Hennegan over magazine's editorial direction; bought out Hennegan's share of the operation (for $500, according to family lore), assumed all of debts;

November 1894 - World's first color comic strips, drawn by Richard Felton Outcault, appeared in The New York World's Sunday edition.

November 17, 1894 - Frank Brunell founded Daily Racing Form, "America's Turf Authority Since 1894," in Chicago; first appeared as four-page broadsheet; country's only daily national newspaper dedicated to coverage of single major sport; publishes up to 2,000 unique pages of statistical and editorial copy every day, in as many as 25 daily editions, 364 days a year (with the exception of Christmas Day); 1922 - acquired by Triangle Publications, Inc. (Walter Annenberg); 1988 - acquired by News America, a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's News Corp.; June 1991 - acquired by K-III Communications Corporation for reported $180 million; May 2004 - acquired by The Wicks Group of Companies, L.L.C.

January 12, 1895 - Printing and Binding Act of 1895 prohibited copyrighting of any Government publication.

April 7, 1896 - Tolbert Lanston, of Washington, DC, received a patent for a "Machine for making Justified Lines of Type"; typesetting; improvement upon earlier patent.

May 4, 1896 - Alfred and Harold Harmsworth published first edition of London Daily Mail ( penny).

November 1, 1896 - Picture showing naked breasts of a woman appeared in National Geographic magazine for first time.

1897 - Frank Nelson Doubleday founded Doubleday & McClure Company; 1900 - Walter Hines Page replaced McClure; name changed to Doubleday, Page & Company; 1927 - merged with George H Doran Company; name changed to Doubleday, Doran; 1946 - name changed to Doubleday & Company.

1897 - B H Blackwell Booksellers published first book, Mensae Secundae: Verses written in Balliol by H.C. Beeching; 1922 - Basil Blackwell & Mott established separate publishing house; 1956 - Basil Blackwell knighted for services to bookselling and publishing; first knighthood bestowed on a bookseller; 1991 - Basil Blackwell Inc. changed name to Blackwell Publishers; July 2001 - Blackwell Publishing Ltd. founded by merging Blackwell Publishers and Blackwell Science; largest, independent society publisher.

April 22, 1897 - New York City Jewish newspaper "Forward" began publishing (still active) as a Yiddish-language daily newspaper; defender of trade unionism and moderate, democratic socialism; Abraham Cahan - founding editor; 1930s - nationwide circulation exceeded 270,000.

September 2, 1897 - First issue of of McCall's magazine was published.

September 21, 1897 - The "New York Sun" ran famous editorial that declared, "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus."

October 24, 1897 - First comic strip appeared in Sunday color supplement of "New York Journal," called the "Yellow Kid."

December 12, 1897 - ''The Katzenjammer Kids,'' pioneering comic strip by Rudolph Dirks, made its debut in the in Sunday supplement of New York Journal.

1900 - Moses Annenberg became subscription solicitor for Chicago Evening American newspaper, recently purchased by William Randolph Hearst; 1904 - appointed circulation manager of new morning newspaper, Examiner; 1918 - moved to New York, became circulation manager for all Hearst's New York papers, magazines; 1922 - acquired Daily [horse] Racing Form (founded 1894), centerpiece of Cecelia Investment Company, holding company; 1924 - named president, publisher of newest Hearst paper, New York Mirror; 1926 - resigned Hearst position, concentrated on horse-race business; 1927 - became involved in racing wire services; 1930 - virtual monopoly in wire-service business, transmitted information via AT&T wires from twenty-nine tracks to fifteen thousand betting establishments around country; July 31, 1936 - acquired Philadelphia Inquirer; 1940 -convicted of tax evasion; served 36 months in federal prison, paid $9,500,000 in back taxes, interest, penalties;  Walter Annenberg (son), took over, reorganized business, renamed company Triangle Publications, Inc.; 1944 - launched Seventeen Magazine; 1953 - formed TV Guide; 1988 - acquired by News Corporation (Rupert Murdoch) for $3.2 billion.

June 1901 - Wilson Eyre, Jr., two other Philadelphia architects founded House and Garden magazine; 1911 - acquired by Conde Nast; July 1993 - closed; September 1996 - republished; December 2007 - closed (single-copy sales of 50,909 in 2006, down from 84,558 in 2002)

June 1901 - Giovanni De Agostini founded Istituto Geografico De Agostini S.p.A. in Rome; publishing debut with publication Atlante scolastico moderno (Modern School Atlas); 1919 - taken over by Marco Adolfo Boroli, Cesare Angelo Rossi for ITL 180,000 lire; formed new jointly-owned company; strengthened cartography activities with support of Luigi Visintin, head of the scientific unit.; 1946 - complete control acquired by Boroli family; Achille, Adolfo Boroli grew company; 1997 - Marco Drago assumed management; 2002 - acquired Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese (UTET); January 2005 - reorganized to integrate books and cartography products.

March, 1902 - Clarence Barron purchased Dow Jones & Company for a reported $130,000; 1921 - founded Barron's financial weekly; Clarence Barron was first editor.

October 1905 - 43-year-old Lt.-Col. John Bayne Maclean, a trade magazine publisher, purchased an advertising agency's in-house business journal and its base of 5,000 subscribers; launched The Business Magazine, pocket-sized digest of articles gathered from Canadian, U.S. and British periodicals (sold 6,000 copies); December 1905 - title changed to The Busy Man's Magazine, March 1911 -  name changed to Maclean's; 1919 - print run of 70,000.

November 1905 - Whitney Darrow founded Princeton University Press above Marsh's drugstore on Nassau Street in Princeton, NJ with an initial investment of $1,000 from Charles Scribner, a Princeton graduate; has published close to 8,000 scholarly books.

December 16, 1905 - Sime Silverman, former vaudeville critic for New York Morning Telegraph, published first issue of Variety Magazine; 1987 - acquired by Cahners Publishing Co., division of Reed International, for about $60 million.

March 28, 1922 - Bradley A. Fiske, of Washington, DC, received patent for a "Reading Machine"; microfilm reading device.