March 4, 1989
- Time Inc. and Warner Communications Inc. announced plans to merge into
the world's largest media and entertainment conglomerate.
September 22, 1995
- Time Warner announced $7.5 billion acquisition of Turner Broadcasting
System Inc.; FTC did not approve the deal until September, 1996, during
which time the value of Time Warner's stock lost $6.5 billion.
April 15, 1997
- America On Line, begins service in Japan.
September 8, 1997
- America Online (AOL) brokered elaborate three-way deal to
acquire CompuServe; WorldCom paid $1.2 billion in stock to acquire H&R
Block's 80% stake in CompuServe; handed over CompuServe's base of 2.6
million subscribers to AOL plus $175 million in exchange for ASN, AOL's
Internet telecommunications division; deal strengthened WorldCom's
technological capabilities: ASN, CompuServe's key technology (speedy
telecommunication lines, Internet connections).
November 24, 1998 - America Online
confirmed it was buying Netscape Communications in a deal ultimately
worth $10 billion.
January 10, 2000
- America Online agreed to buy Time-Warner for $162 billion.
December 14, 2000
- The Federal Trade Commission unanimously approved the $111 billion
merger of America Online and Time Warner.
January 11, 2001
- The Federal Communications Commission approved the merger of America
Online and Time Warner.
January 12, 2003
- AOL Time Warner chairman Steve Case announced his resignation.
June 4, 2003
- Martha Stewart stepped down as head of her media empire, hours after
federal prosecutors in New York charged her with obstruction of justice,
conspiracy, securities fraud and lying to investigators.
March 15, 2004
- Martha Stewart resigned from the board of Martha Stewart Living
Omnimedia 10 days after she was convicted in a stock scandal.
June 2008 - Media Consumption
Universe
(AOL), Kara Swisher (1998).
AOL.COM: How Steve Case Beat Bill Gates,
Nailed the Netheads, and Made Millions in the War for the Web. (New
York, NY: Times Books, 333 p.). Reporter (Wall Street Journal). Case,
Stephen McConnell; Gates, Bill, 1955- ; Von Meister, William F.,
1942-1995; America Online, Inc.--History; Online information services
industry--United States--History; Internet service providers--United
States--History; Businesspeople--United States--Biography.
(AOL), George Thornally (1999).
AOL by George!: The Inside Story
of America Online. (Livingtone, NJ: Urly Media, 216 p.). America
Online, Inc.--History; Online information services industry--United
States--History; Internet Service Providers--United States--History.
(AOL), David Stauffer (2000).
It's a Wired Wired World: Business
the AOL Way. (Milford, CT: Capstone, 210 p.). Case, Stephen
McConnell; America Online, Inc.--History; America Online,
Inc.--Management; Internet service providers--United States--History;
Online information services industry--United States--History;
Businesspeople--United States--Biography.
(AOL), Mary E. Foley with Martha I. Flnney (2002).
Bodacious: An
AOL Insider Cracks the Code to Outrageous Success for Women. (New
York, NY: AMACOM, 240 p.). Women--Employment--United States; Career
development--United States; Vocational guidance for women--United
States; Success in business--United States; America Online (Online
service).
(AOL Time Warner), Alec Klein (2003).
Stealing Time: Steve Case,
Jerry Levin, and the Collapse of AOL Time Warner. (New York, NY:
Simon & Schuster, 352 p.). Reporter (Washington Post). Case, Stephen
McConnell; Levin, Gerald M.; America Online, Inc.--History; AOL Time
Warner--History.
(AOL Time Warner), Kara Swisher with Lisa Dickey (2003).
There
Must Be a Pony in Here Somewhere: The AOL Time Warner Debacle and the
Quest for a Digital Future. (New York, NY: Crown Business, 320 p.).
Reporter (Wall Street Journal). America Online, Inc.--History; AOL Time
Warner--History.
(AOL Time Warner), Nina Monk (2004).
Fools Rush In: Steve Case,
Jerry Levin, and the Fall of AOL Time Warner. (New York, NY:
HarperBusiness, 368 p.). Reporter (Vanity Fair). Case, Stephen
McConnell; Levin, Gerald M.; AOL Time Warner--History;
Businessmen--United States--Biography; Internet service
providers--United States--History; Online information services
industry--United States--History; Publishers and publishing--United
States--History; Motion picture industry--United States--History;
Consolidation and merger of corporations--United States--Case studies.
(Blackburn Group), Michael Nolan (1989).
Walter J. Blackburn: A Man for All Media. (Toronto, ON:
Macmillan of Canada, 258 p.). Blackburn, Walter J. (Walter Juxon),
1914-1983; Blackburn Group -- History; London free press -- History;
Broadcasting -- Ontario -- London -- History; Publishers and publishing
-- Ontario -- London -- Biography; Broadcasters -- Ontario -- London --
Biography.
(CanWest), Marc Edge (2007).
Asper Nation: Canada's Most Dangerous Media Company. (Point
Roberts, WA: New Star Books,, 326 p.). Israel ("Izzy") Asper;. Mass
media -- Canada. Canada's largest news media company;
political perils involved in allowing Asper family to dominate Canadian media.
(Clear Channel), Roger Parry (2003).
Enterprise: The Leadership Role. (London, UK: Profile Business,
308 p.). CEO of the International Division of Clear Channel
International Ltd. Leadership; executives.
(Cox Enterprises), Charles Glover (1998).
Journey Through Our Years: The Story of Cox Enterprises, Inc.
(Marietta, GA: Longstreet, 224 p.). Cox Enterprises, Inc.
(Diller), George Mair (1997).
The Barry Diller Story: The Life and
Times of America's Greatest Entertainment Mogul. (New York, NY:
Wiley, 348 p.). Diller, Barry; Chief executive officers -- United States
-- Biography.
(Diller), Jerome Tuccille (1998). Barry Diller: The Life and Times
of a Media Mogul. (Seacaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Group, p.). Diller,
Barry; Chief executive officers--United States--Biography.
(Fininvest s.p.a.), Giovanni Ruggeri, Mario Guarino (1994).
Berlusconi: Inchiesta sul Signor TV. (Milano, Italy: Kaos, 294 p.
[2nd ed.]). Berlusconi, Silvio, 1936- ;
Businesspeople--Italy--Biography; Television and politics--Italy;
Italy--Politics and government--1994-.
(Fininvest s.p.a.), Giuseppe Fiori (1995). Il Venditore: Storia di
Silvio Berlusconi e della Fininvest. (Milano, Italy: Garzanti, 217
p.). Berlusconi, Silvio, 1936- ; Fininvest, s.p.a.; Prime
ministers--Italy--Biography; Businesspeople--Italy--Biography;
Television and politics--Italy; Italy--Politics and
government--1976-1994.
(Hachette), Vincent Nouzille, Alexandra Schwartzbrod (1998).
L'Acrobate: Jean-Luc Lagardère, ou, Les Armes du Pouvoir. (Paris,
FR: Seuil, 345 p.). Lagardère, Jean-Luc, 1928-2003;
Industrialists--France--Biography. Chairman of media and defense
conglomerate.
(Purple Moon Media), Brenda Laurel (2001).
Utopian Entrepreneur.
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 116 p.). Laurel, Brenda; Purple Moon Media
(Firm)--History; Interval Research Corporation--History;
Entrepreneurship--United States; Corporations--Moral and ethical
aspects--United States; Social responsibility of business--United
States; Children's software--United States; Computer software
industry--United States; Businesswomen--United States--Biography.
(Martha Stewart Living), Jerry Oppenheimer (1997).
Martha
Stewart-- Just Desserts: The Unauthorized Biography. (New York,
NY: Morrow, 399 p.). Stewart, Martha; Home economists--United
States--Biography; Businesswomen--United States--Biography.
(Martha Stewart Living), Christopher M. Byron (2002).
Martha Inc.:
The Incredible Story of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia. (New York,
NY: Wiley, 405 p.). Stewart, Martha; Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia;
Artisans--United States--Biography; Businesswomen--United
States--Biography.
(Martha Stewart Living), Lloyd Allen (2006).
Being Martha: The Inside Story of Martha Stewart and Her Amazing Life.
(Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 240 p.). Friend of Family. Stewart, Martha; Home
economists--United States--Biography; Businesswomen--United
States--Biography. Flesh-and-blood woman behind
the glamorous public image.
(Martha Stewart Living), Joann F. Price (2007).
Martha Stewart: A Biography. (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press:
Westport, Conn : Greenwood Press, 132 p.). Writing Coach and Instructor
(Metropolitan State College of Denver). Stewart, Martha; Home
economists--United States--Biography; Businesswomen--United
States--Biography. Self-made woman behind media,
merchandising empire; rose from modest upbringing, became one of most
successful, wealthiest businesswomen in history.
(Time Inc.), Christopher M. Byron (1986).
The Fanciest Dive: What
Happened When the Media Empire of Time/Life Leaped without Looking into
the Age of High-Tech (New York, NY: Norton, 280 p.). Time, inc.;
TV-cable week; Television programs--United States--Periodicals--History;
Cable television--United States--Periodicals--History;
Periodicals--Publishing--United States--History; Mass media--United
States--History.
(Time Warner), Connie Bruck (1994).
Master of the Game: Steve Ross
and the Creation of Time Warner. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster,
395 p.). Ross, Steve, 1927-1992; Time Warner, Inc.; Mass media--United
States--Biography.
(Turner), Reese Schonfeld (2001).
Me and Ted Against the World: The Unauthorized Story of the Founding of
CNN. (New York, NY: Cliff Street, 407 p.). Turner, Ted;
Schonfeld, Reese; Cable News Network; Television broadcasting of
news--United States.
(Turner), Ken Auletta (2004).
Media Man: Ted Turner's Improbable
Empire. (New York, NY: Norton, 205 p.). Turner, Ted;
Businesspeople--United States--Biography; Sports team owners--United
States--Biography; Telecommunication--United States--Biography.
(Viacom), Sumner Redstone with Peter Knobler (2001).
A Passion to
Win (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 322 p.). CEO, Viacom. Redstone,
Sumner; Viacom International.
(Virgin Group Ltd.), Richard Branson (2006).
Screw It, Let's Do It : Lessons In Life. (London, UK: Virgin
Group, 128 p.). Chairman of the Virgin Group. Branson, Sir Richard;
Virgin Group, Ltd. Lessons from life that have
helped him through his business and personal life.
(Vivendi), Jean-Marie Messier (2000).
J6M.com: Faut-Il Avoir Peur
de la Nouvelle Economie? (Tr.: "Who's Afraid of the New Economy").
(Paris, FR: Hachette littératures, 237 p.). Former CEO, Vivendi
Universal. Messier, Jean-Marie, 1956- ; Vivendi (Firm)--Anecdotes;
Information technology--Economic aspects--France; Big business--France.
(Vivendi), Jo Johnson and Martine Orange (2003).
The Man Who Tried
To Buy the World: Jean-Marie Messier and Vivendi Universal. (New
York, NY: Portfolio, 268 p.). Paris Correspondent (Financial Times);
Business Reporter (Le Monde). Messier, Jean-Marie, 1956- ; Bronfman
family; Vivendi (Firm)--History; Universal Pictures (Firm); Seagram
Company--History; Businessmen--France--Biography;
Businessmen--Canada--Biography; Conglomerate corporations--France;
Conglomerate corporations--Canada; Consolidation and merger of
corporations--France--Case studies; Consolidation and merger of
corporations--Canada--Case studies; Consolidation and merger of
corporations--United States--Case studies.
(Whittle Communications) Vance H. Trimble (1995).
An Empire Undone: The Wild Rise and
Hard Fall of Chris Whittle. (Seacaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Co., 371
p.). Whittle, Chris; Businesspeople--United States--Biography;
Advertising--United States; Business failures--United States.
Ken Auletta (1997).
The Highwaymen: Warriors of the Information
Superhighway. (New York, NY: Random House, 346 p.).
Businessmen--United States--Biography; Telecommunication--United
States--Biography; High technology industries--United States--Biography.
Ben H. Bagdikian; with a New Preface on the Internet and
Communications Cartels (2000).
The Media Monopoly. (Boston, MA:
Beacon Press, 288 p. [6th pbk. ed.]). Mass media--Economic
aspects--United States; Monopolies--United States.
Ben H. Bagdikian (2004).
The New Media Monopoly. (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 299 p.). Mass
media--Ownership.
Asa Briggs and Peter Burke (2001).
A Social History of the Media:
From Gutenberg to the Internet (Malden, MA: Blackwell). Mass
media--History; Mass media--Social aspects.
Jean Folkerts, Dwight L. Teeter, Jr. (2002).
Voices of a Nation: A
History of Mass Media in the United States (Boston, MA: Allyn and
Bacon, [4th ed.]). Mass media--United States--History.
Alec Foege (1996).
The Empire God Built: Inside Pat Robertson's
Media Machine. (New York, NY: Wiley, 242 p.). Robertson, Pat;
Television in religion--United States; Evangelicalism--United States.
Richard Hack (2003).
Clash of the Titans: How the Unbridled Ambition of Ted Turner and
Rupert Murdoch Has Created Global Empires That Control What We Read
and Watch. (Beverly Hills, CA: New Millennium Press, 448 p.).
Turner, Ted; Murdoch, Rupert, 1931- ; News Corporation;
Businesspeople--United States--Biography; Mass media--United
States--Biography; Mass media--Australia--Biography; Cable News
Network.
Kevin Maney (1995).
Megamedia Shakeout: The Inside Story of the
Leaders and the Losers in the Exploding Communications Industry.
(New York, NY: Wiley, 358 p.). Mass media--United States--Finance;
Mass media--Technological innovations; Corporations, American.
Robert G. Picard (2002).
The Economics and Financing of Media
Companies. (New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 270 p.). Mass
media--Economic aspects; Mass media--Finance.
Gordon Pitts (2002). Kings of Convergence: The Fight for Control
of Canada's Media. (Toronto, ON: Doubleday Canada, 346 p.).
Business Columnist (Toronto Globe and Mail). Mass
media--Canada--Biography; Mass media--Canada.
Robert Sobel (1976).
The Manipulators: America in the Media Age.
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 458 p.). Mass media--United
States--History; Popular culture--United States; Universities and
colleges--United States.
Richard T. Stillson (2006).
Spreading the Word: A History of Information in the California
Gold Rush. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 274
p.). Teaches History (George Mason University).
Communication--Social aspects--California--History--19th century;
Mass media--United States--History--19th century; Catalogs,
Publishers’--United States--Bibliography; California--Gold
discoveries--Information resources--History--19th century;
California--Guidebooks--Bibliography;
California--Maps--Bibliography.
Communications culture in the mid-nineteenth century; how
easterners who traveled West during the California gold rush of
1849–51 obtained, assessed, and used information.
Dana Lee Thomas (1981).
The Media Moguls : From Joseph Pulitzer
to William S. Paley: Their Lives and Boisterous Times. (New York,
NY: Putnam, 237 p.). Press -- United States -- History.
Mark Tungate (2004).
Media Monoliths: How Great Media Brands Thrive and Survive.
(Sterling, VA: Kogan Page, 261 p.). Mass media--Economic aspects;
Brand name products.
_______________________________________________
Business History Links
Chronomedia (Terra Media)
http://www.terramedia.co.uk/Chronomedia/index.htm Designed
by David Fisher, editor of the international media journal Screen Digest
for more than 30 years, to become the most comprehensive and accurate
timeline of developments in communications media ever compiled.
Integrates references to all audio-visual media (film and cinema, radio
and television, cable and satellite, interactive (multi)media,
photography, telegraphy, telephony, printing and publishing) to see the
parallel developments and interactions that have formed today's media.
However, for anyone wishing to follow a particular thread, links are
included to allow chains of references to be followed.
