June 26, 1498 - Toothbrush invented in China.

September 23, 1518 - The Royal College of Physicians  established to protect citizens from medical charlatans and quacks.

April 1, 1578 - William Harvey of England discovered blood circulation.

May 11, 1751 - The Pennsylvania Hospital, first in America, established when colonial governor of Pennsylvania approved its charter as proposed hospital to include treatment of people with mental illness; February 11, 1752 - opened in Philadelphia through the indefatigable efforts of Benjamin Franklin, who was involved in drafting the petition for its establishment and fund-raising; December 17, 1756 - Pine Street Hospital opened, accepted both mentally ill and general medical patients.

June 10, 1760 - New York passed first effective law regulating practice of medicine.

September 26, 1772 - The soon-to-be state of New Jersey passed first law in US to license medical practitioners who charged for their service (except bleeding patients or pulling teeth); no federal medical licensing law.

January 14, 1794 - Elizabeth Hog Bennett became first woman in U.S. to successfully give birth to child by Cesarean section. Her husband, Dr. Jesse Bennett of Edom, VA, performed operation (without anesthetic).

April 30, 1796 - Samuel Lee, Jr., of Connecticut, received a patent for a "Composition of Bilious Pills"; first U.S. patent for pill of any kind; marketed as "Lee's Windham Pills" and "Lee's New London Bilious Pills."

November 12, 1847 - Sir James Young Simpson, father of modern anesthetics, employed chloroform ("perchloride of formyle") for first time as anesthetic in operation; persistent advocacy of its use led to its acceptance.

August 15, 1848 - M Waldo Hanchett, of Syracuse, NY, received a patent for a "Surgical Chair" ("a more simple, durable and convenient mode than has heretofore been used adjusting the positions of chairs for convenience in dental and surgical operations"; dental chair.

December 6, 1850 - Hermann von Helmholtz announced invention of ophthalmoscope; could look through one side of  glass plate while light was reflected into subject's eye from other; revolutionized ophthalmology, enabled view inside person’s eye to see details of living retina, diagnose eye diseases, prevent blindness; pioneered endoscopy, made new information available in way as dramatic as invention of telescope or microscope.

April 1, 1867 - Using antiseptic methods he introduced, Scottish physician Dr. Joseph Lister completed series of 11 compound fractures; forever changed surgical techniques; June 17, 1867 - became first surgeon to perform surgery under antiseptic conditions.

November 4, 1873 - Dr. John B. Beers, of San Francisco, CA, received first U.S. patent for "Artificial Crowns for Teeth";  replaced old method of restoring decayed or broken teeth by condensing gold on it with a hammer until it had taken the desired shape; hollow metal crown slipped over projecting portion of old tooth, secured so that it would continue to function for chewing,  while preventing further decay; gold screw mounted in old tooth, hollow crown slipped over it, cemented with oxychloride of zinc.

April 27, 1880 - Francis D. Clarke and Macomb G. Foster, of New York, NY, received a patent for "Device for Aiding the Deaf To Hear"; electrical hearing aid.

May 9, 1882 - William F. Ford, of New York, NY, received a patent for the "Stethoscope".

February 17, 1883 - A. Ashwell, of West Dulwich, UK, received patent for the "vacant/engaged" toilet door bolt for lavatory doors; manufactured by C. Cross & Co. of Herne Hill.

1885 - Dr. Aletta Jacobs opened first birth-control clinic in  world in Amsterdam.

1888 - Isaac E. Emerson, Baltimore pharmacist, created a headache remedy, granular effervescent salt, named "Bromo-Seltzer"; became so successful that he abandoned his retail business to devote his time to the manufacture of his product; 1891 - incorporated Emerson Drug Company in Maryland; September 19, 1905 - registered "Bromo-Seltzer" trademark first used January 15, 1889 (granular effervescent salt for the cure of headache, nervousness, nervous headache, neuralgia, brain fatigue, sleeplessness, over-brain-work, depression, and mental exhaustion); 1956 - merged with Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Company.

April 5, 1909 - The Neurological Institute of New York, first U.S. institute for research in nervous diseases, incorporated; October 1, 1909 - its hospital opened; established as the first specialty hospital in the nation devoted entirely to the study and treatment of the nervous system.

1914 - Baltimore pharmacist George Bunting invented skin cream consisting of camphor, menthol, eucalyptus; called it "Dr. Bunting's Sunburn Remedy"; name changed to Noxema after customer swore that the cream had "knocked out his eczema"; September 19, 1916 - registered "Noxzema Skin Cream" trademark first used November 1, 1914 (medicine for the skin).

October 16, 1916 - Margaret Sanger opened first birth-control clinic, in New York City at 46 Amboy Street in Brooklyn; clinic was closed by the police, she received a 30-day jail sentence. 1917 - Sanger helped to organize the National Birth Control League (later became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America); 1923 - opened a permanent birth control clinic in New York City.

October 31, 1916 - Dr. William David Coolidge, of Schenectady, NY, received patent for a "Vacuum-Tube" ("tube operated for the purpose of producing Rontgen of X-Rays"); X-ray tube called Coolidge Tube; assigned to General Electric Company.

1920s - American chemist Irvine W. Grote (head of Department of Chemistry at University of Tennessee at Chattanooga), invented Rolaids antacid (name derived from original packaging that came in foil roll); June 22, 1954 - American Chicle Company registered "Rolaids: trademark first used August 25, 1953 (antacid mints).

March 8, 1927 - Norwich Pharmacal Company registered "Pepto-Bismol" trademark first used in April 1919 (liquid demulcent preparation, administered [given] as an intestinal,  antiseptic, digestant, and for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders).

October 19, 1931 - Physicians Donald Baxter, Ralph Falk started Don Baxter Intravenous Products Corp.; made supplies for IV systems in hospitals, distributed products manufactured by another company in Los Angeles owned by Baxter; 1933 - opened first manufacturing facility in renovated automobile showroom in Glenview, IL (six employees turned out complete line of five solutions in glass containers); 1935 - Falk acquired Baxter's interest in company; 1939 - named Baxter Laboratories; introduced Transfuso-Vac container, first sterile, vacuum-type blood collection and storage unit (allowed storage for up to 21 days vs. a few hours); 1952 - acquired Hyland Laboratories, first US company to make human plasma commercially available; May 15, 1961 - went public; 1967 - sales over $100 million; 1976 - changed name to Baxter Travenol ('TRAVENous sOLutions') Laboratories; 1978 - introduced continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) as practical alternative to hemodialysis; 1985 - sales of about $2 billion, acquired American Hospital Supply Corp.; became broad-based health-care products distributor and developer of medical technologies; 1988 - renamed Baxter International Inc.; 1996 - renewed focus on core technologies of renal technology, biotechnology, cardiovascular medicine, medication delivery, increased its emphasis on global expansion; 2002 - sales exceeded $8 billion.

February 24, 1937 - First U.S. group hospital-medical cooperative authorized, Washington, DC.

January 25, 1945 - Grand Rapids, MI became first U.S. city to  fluoridate drinking water (one part per million of fluoride added to water supply) to reduce tooth decay; fluorine is 13th most abundant element on earth, found in nature in its ionic form - fluoride, normal constituent of all diets, highest concentrations found in the bones and teeth; based on work done by Frederick S. McKay, a Colorado dentist, who related brown stains (mottling) on his patients’ teeth to low dental caries due to the source of their drinking water containing high levels of naturally occurring fluoride); early 1940s - H. Trendley Dean, dental surgeon and epidemiologist at the National Institute of Health (NIH), had determined the ideal level of fluoride in drinking water to reduce decay without mottling.

April 7, 1948 - World Health Organization founded.

May 25, 1948 - Andrew J. Moyer, of Peoria, IL, expert on  nutrition of molds at USDA's Northern Laboratory (now part of Agricultural Research Service), received a patent for a "Method for Production of Penicillin"; mass production of penicillin.

July 5, 1948 - Britain's National Health Service Act went into effect; provided government-financed medical and dental care.

November 18, 1950 -Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp. (Jamaica, NY) announced first fluoro-record reflector camera; could make x-ray pictures in one-sixth of the time previously required; used for gastro-intestinal surveys. 

August 28, 1951 - Oral B Company (Robert W. Hutson, Paul E. Bahr, and John Murphy), Santa Clara, CA, registered "Oral B" trademark first used May 19. 1949 (toothbrushes).

December 29, 1952 -Sonotone Corporation (Elmsford, NY) introduced first transistor hearing aid (model 1010); weighed 3.5-oz, measured 3"x1.5"x0.6", cost $229.50 (about $1500.00 today); hybrid device consisted of two sub miniature pre-amplifier tubes and single transistor as the final audio amplifier to benefit from the low power consumption of transistors; shortly discontinued as transistor production techniques were improved largely eliminating noise.

January 30, 1957 - Team of scientists at University of Minnesota, led by Dr C. Walton Lillehei, first used external artificial pacemaker with internal heart electrode (sewn to wall of heart, connected through chest to external desk-top pulse generator to maintain patient's heartbeat rhythm); infection often occurred along electrode wires, device required no interruption in house electricity; ultimately led to development of billion-dollar pacemaker industry.

October 8, 1958 - Dr Åke Senning implanted first internal heart pacemaker at Karolinska Institute of Stockholm (worked for three hours), invented earlier same year by Rune Elmqvist; designed to be implanted in subcutaneous pouch in patient suffering cardiac disease, used only two transistors, size of hockey puck, sent pulses to cardiac muscle to establish normal, regular contractions.

1959 - Joyce B. Brand, commercial artist for Grant Advertising (New York), created Little Miss Coppertone®, symbol of summer and poster-girl for the long-running Coppertone sunscreen ad campaign; showed dog pulling at bathing suit of little girl (her 3-year-old daughter, in pig-tails, named Cheri Brand ) to reveal her bottom and a tan line; paid $ 2,500 for the artwork; initial billboard slogan: "Don't be a paleface."

1960 - Smith Kline and French Laboratories launched Contac, cold remedy; used Spansule to release initial major therapeutic dose, followed by numerous smaller doses, over 10-12 hours; November 21, 1961 - registered "Contac" trademark first used February 7, 1961 (oral nasal decongestant).

May 9, 1960 - US Food and Drug Administration approved birth-control pill.

July 1, 1966 - Medicare federal insurance program went into effect.

January 1, 1967 - First fluoridation law in U.S. went into effect in Connecticut; required fluoridation of public water supplies serving 20,000 or more population to prevent dental caries.

January 10, 1967 - Miles Laboratories, Inc., Elkhart, IN, registered "One A Day Brand Multiple Vitamins" trademark first used in July 1961 (vitamin tablets).

May 18, 1967 - Oklahoma enacted first legalization of human artificial insemination in the U.S., signed by governor (century after the first trials); 1866 - Dr. James Marion Sims, gynecologist and chief of the Woman's Hospital, New York made first recorded human impregnation by means of artificial insemination in the U.S. (gave over 54 injections in 1866-67).

1968 - Dr. Thomas Frist, Sr., Jack C. Massey and Dr. Thomas Frist, Jr. formed hospital management company - Hospital Corporation of America (HCA); 1969 - hospitals, 3,000 beds under management; 1987 - operated 463 hospitals (255 owned and 208 managed); spun off HealthTrust (privately owned, 104-hospital company); 1988 - went private in a $5.1 billion leveraged buyout; 1992 - went public again; 1996 - $20 billion company, approximately 285,000 employees, more than 350 hospitals, 145 outpatient surgery centers, 550 home care agencies, several other ancillary businesses.

February 11, 1969 - Albert D. Herman, of Encino, CA, and Zeppo Marx, of Palm Springs, CA, received a patent for a "Method and Watch Mechanism for Actuation by a Cardiac Pulse"; heart wristwatch monitor; October 21,1969 - received a patent for a "Cardiac Pulse-Rate Monitor".

February 15, 1972 - William Kolff, of Salt Lake City, UT, received a patent for a "Soft Shell Mushroom Shaped Heart"; artificial heart.

February 5, 1974 - Raymond V. Damadian, of Forest Hill, NY, received a patent for an "Apparatus and Method for Detecting Cancer in Tissue" ("tissue sample is positioned in a nuclear induction apparatus whereby selected nuclei are energized from their equilibrium states to higher energy states through nuclear magnetic resonance...an indication of the presence and degree of malignancy of cancerous tissue can be obtained"); MRI; built first MR scanner (to take advantage of relaxation differences among body's tissues); July 3, 1977 - produced first human image (Larry Minkoff's chest); 1978 - first scans of patients with cancer; incorporated FONAR, first, oldest, most experienced MR manufacturer in industry; 1980 - introduced world's first commercial MRI (whole-body MRI scanner); 1981 - went public; 1982 - introduced patented iron-core technology, basis for all Open MRI scanners; 1984 - invented Oblique Imaging, means to produce multiple images "at any angle"; 1996 - introduced Stand-Up™ MRI, world’s only whole-body MRI scanner with ability to perform Position Imaging ™ (pMRI™), patients can be scanned standing, sitting, bending, lying down.

February 12, 1974 - Stephen G. Kovacs, of Clearwater Beach, FL, received a patent for a "Magnetic Heart Pump" ("simulates the pulsatile pumping action of a natural heart").

April 9, 1974 - African American Phil Brooks, of Washington, DC, received a U.S. patent for a "Disposable Syringe".

November 25, 1975 - Robert S. Ledley, of Silver Spring, MD, received first U.S. patent for "Diagnostic X-Ray Systems"; whole-body X-ray scanner; ACTA (Automatic Computerized Transverse Axial) diagnostic X-ray scanner revolutionized medical diagnosis: three-dimensional analysis of all organs and parts of the body in a series of cross-section images using thin X-ray beams and high power computer processing of the collected data; diagnosis of tumors, infection or bleeding possible even deep within large organs, improved radiation therapy for cancer.

September 27, 1977 - Anacleto Montero Sanchez, of Salamanca, ES, received a patent for a "Hypodermic Syringe" ("for administering a plurality of measured doses, particularly to animals").

April 4, 1978 - Francisco G. Garcia, of Rio Piedras, PR, received a patent for "Orthodontic Pliers" ("especially useful for bending the alignment wire end during all phases of the Begg orthodontic technique").

February 28, 1984 - Donald M. Mauldin and Richard E. Jones III, of Dallas, TX, received a patent for a "Knee and Elbow Brace".

June 5, 1984 - Ronald D. Kay, of Fort Worth, TX, received patent for a "Safety Closure Device for Medicine Container"; child-proof Safety Cap for Medicine Bottle.

July 11, 1985 - Dr. H. Harlan Stone announced zippers for stitches; had used zippers on 28 patients whom he thought he might have to re-operate, because of internal bleeding following initial operations; zippers lasted between five and 14 days, then replaced with permanent stitches. 

November 27, 1995 - AmHS/Premier, SunHealth Alliance announced plans to merge; formed nation's biggest health care network, over 650 hospitals and 1,000 affiliates in fifty states.

1998 - James A. Thomson, Professor, Department of Anatomy, Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madsion, plucked stem cells from human embryos for first time, destroyed embryos, set off divisive national debate about stem cell research; November 6, 1998, Science published the results of his research, "Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts".

January 30, 1998 - Medical advisory panel for Food and Drug Administration voted unanimously to approve Dermabond, a new medical-grade glue using proprietary cyanoacrylate technology (manufactured by Closure Medical), to replace painful stitches; August 1998 - approved for marketing in U.S.; can seal off certain wounds quickly, without need for painful shots, can hold  wound closed, sterile, flexible while healing; March 23, 1999 - Johnson & Johnson Corporation registered "Dermabond" trademark first used September 2, 1998 (body tissue sealant preparation for medical use).

2005 - Journal of the American Medical Association reported results of study of annual household survey data from Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, collected from about 23,000 people/year from 1997 to 2005 (included pharmacy, medical record data, used to estimate national spending, treatment practices); 1) spending on spine treatments in United States totaled nearly $86 billion in 2005, rise of 65% from 1997, after adjusting for inflation; 2) people with spine problems spent about $6,096 each on medical care in 2005, vs. $3,516 in medical spending by those without spine problems; 3) biggest surge in spending - for drugs: estimated $20 billion on drug treatments for back and neck problems in 2005, increase of 171% from 1997; biggest jump for narcotic pain relievers (OxyContin, other drugs, increased more than 400%); 4) outpatient treatment for back, neck problems increased 74% to about $31 billion during period, spending related to emergency room visits grew by 46%to $2.6 billion; spending for surgical procedures, other inpatient costs grew by 25% to about $24 billion; 5) about 26% of adult population suffered from back, neck problems that limited their function in 2005, after adjusting numbers for aging population vs. about 21% in 1997; 6) percentage of people with serious spine problems has not declined; appears to have increased.

July 24, 2006 - HCA (Hospital Corporation of America) agreed to sell itself to three private-equity firms and the family of Senator Bill Frist (R-TN, Senate majority leader) whose father and brother founded the company; largest leveraged buyout ever; totaled $31.6 billion (including debt); RJR Nabisco = $30.6 billion.

September 23, 2007 - Bausch & Lomb shareholders accepted $3.7billion bid by investment group controlled by Warburg Pincus (private equity firm).

May 4, 2008 - 158 million people covered by employer health insurance; since recession of 2001 - employee’s average cost of annual health care premium for family coverage has nearly doubled (to $3,300, up from $1,800), incomes have not kept up; portion of average American household’s income that goes toward health care has risen about 12%, approaching 20% of  average household’s spending (source: Deloitte).

( (http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/05/04/ business/20080504_INSURE_GRAPH.jpg))

June 29, 2008 - Medical spending in U. S. reached estimated $2.25 trillion in 2007; U.S. spends 50% more on healthcare per capita than next closest industrialized country (often with no better patient outcomes). One culprit - overuse of medical technology:

(Source: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development;http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2008/06/29/business/costFull.jpg)

(AMA), Howard Wolinsky and Tom Brune (1994). The Serpent on the Staff: The Unhealthy Politics of the American Medical Association. (New York, NY: Putnam, 267 p.). American Medical Association.

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(Barr & Stroud), Michael S. Moss and Iain Russell with a foreword by Sir Alwyn Williams (1988). Range and Vision: The First 100 Years of Barr & Stroud. (Edinburgh: Mainstream Pub., 256 p.). Optical industry--Great Britain--History.

(Beckman Instruments), Arnold Thackray and Minor Myers, Jr.; foreword by James D. Watson (2000). Arnold O. Beckman: One Hundred Years of Excellence. (Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation, 379 p.). Beckman, Arnold O.; Scientific apparatus and instruments--United States--History--20th century; Instrument manufacture--United States--History--20th century; Instrument manufacture--United States--Biography. 

(Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital Center), Dana Beth Weinberg; foreword by Suzanne Gordon (2003). Code Green: Money-Driven Hospitals and the Dismantling of Nursing. (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 213 p.). Senior Research Associate at the Schneider Institute for Health Policy at the Heller School of Social Policy and Management (Brandeis University). Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital Center--Finance; Nursing--Massachusetts--Boston; Hospitals--Massachusetts--Boston--Finance. Effects of hospital restructuring on nurses’ ability to plan, evaluate, deliver excellent care.

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(Church Homes Inc.), Ellsworth S. Grant (1987). Church Homes, Inc.: Pioneer in Retirement Villages, 1957-1987. (Hartford, CT: Church Homes, 104 p.). Church Homes, Inc.--History; Life care communities--Connecticut--History; Church work with the aged--History.

(Clara Maass Health System), Robert D.B. Carlisle (1993). Building Bridges for 125 Years (Belleville, NJ: Clara Maass Health System, Inc., 109 p.). Clara Maass Medical Center (Belleville (N.J.)--History; Hospitals--New Jersey--Belleville--History.

(Comfort Keepers), Jerry L. Clum (2005). Zero to $100 Million in Five Years! (New York, NY: Hudson Books, 324 p.). President, Co-Founder of Comfort Keepers; 2004 Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award Winner (Southern Ohio). Healthcare; assisted living; entrepreneurship. 

(Decatur Memorial), Dan J. Forrestal (1985). The Vigil Never Ceases Two Miles North. (Gerald, MO: The Patrice Press, 223 p.). Decatur Memorial Hospital--History.

(Endius Inc.), Tim Taylor (2003). Launch Fever: An Entrepreneur s Journey into the Secrets of Launching Rockets, a New Business and Living a Happier Life. (Omaha, NE: iUniverse, 230 p.). Co-Founder - Endius, Inc. Taylor, Tim; Entrepreneurship. 

(Gillette Children's Hospital), Steven E. Koop (1998). We Hold This Treasure: The Story of Gillette Children's Hospital (Afton, MN: Afton Historical Society Press). Gillette Children's Hospital -- History; Children -- Hospitals -- Minnesota -- St. Paul -- History; Handicapped children -- Hospital care -- Minnesota -- St. Paul; Alt title Story of Gillette Children's Hospital.

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(HealthSouth), Jeffrey L. Rodengen (2002). The Story of HealthSouth. (Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Enterprises, 152 p.). HealthSouth (Firm)--History; Hospital management companies--United States--History; Hospitals--Rehabilitation services--United States--History.

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(Institute of Medicine), Edward D. Berkowitz (1998). To Improve Human Health: A History of the Institute of Medicine. (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 294 p.). Institute of Medicine (U.S)--History; Medicine--Research--United States--History.

(Invacare Corporation), Jeffrey L. Rodengen & Anthony L. Wall (2001). The Yes, You Can of Invacare Corporation. (Fort Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Enterprises, 192 p.). INVACARE Corporation (Elyria, Ohio)--History; Wheelchair industry--History; Medical supplies industry--History.

(Kaiser Permanente), John G. Smillie; foreword by Bruce J. Sams, Jr. (1991). Can Physicians Manage the Quality and Costs of Health Care?: The Story of the Permanente Medical Group. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 283 p.). Permanente Medical Group (Oakland, Calif.)--History; Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program--History; Health Maintenance Organizations--history--California.

(Kaiser Permanente), Rickey Hendricks (1993). A Model for National Health Care: The History of Kaiser Permanente (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 265 p.). Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program -- History. Series Health and medicine in American society.

(Longworth Scientific Instrument Co. Ltd.), Sir Anthony Jephcott (1988). A History of Longworth Scientific Instrument Co. Ltd. (London, UK: Regency Press, 202 p.). Longworth Scientific Instrument Co. Ltd.; Great Britain Medical equipment industries Companies history.

(Maimonides Medical Center), Julie Salamon (2008). Hospital: Man Woman Birth Death Infinity, Plus Red Tape, Bad Behavior, Money, God, and Diversity on Steroids. (New York, NY: Penguin Press, 384 p.). Former culture writer for The New York Times, critic and reporter for The Wall Street Journal. Maimonides Medical Center--History; Maimonides Medical Center; Hospitals--New York (State)--New York--History; Hospitals, Urban--New York City--Personal Narratives; Cultural Diversity--New York City--Personal Narratives. One year tracking progress of cancer center, characters (doctors, patients, administrators, nurses, ambulance drivers, cooks, cleaning staff) who make hospital run; case study of concerns that arise in institutions that serve an increasingly multicultural American demographic; science and emotion of medical drama grounded in financial realities of operating a huge, private institution.

(Marquette Electronics), Michael J. Cudahy (2002). Joyworks: The Story of Marquette Electronics and Two Lucky Entrepreneurs. (Milwaukee, WI: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 236 p.). Co-founder, Chairman & CEO Marquette Electronics, Inc. Cudahy, Michael J.; Cozzens, Warren B.; Marquette Electronics; Medical electronics equipment industry--Wisconsin--Milwaukee; Milwaukee (Wis.)--Biography. 

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(McLean Hospital), Alex Beam (2001). Gracefully Insane: The Rise and Fall of America's Premier Mental Hospital. (New York, NY: Public Affairs, 273 p.). McLean Hospital--History. Belmont, MA hospital was a shelter for the well-born.

(MDS Nordion), Paul Litt (2000). Isotopes and Innovation: M D S Nordion's First Fifty Years, 1946-1996. (Montreal, QU: McGill-Queen's University Press, 249 p.). MDS Nordion; radioisotopes; radioisotope technology.

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(Metroplex Health System), Patricia K. Benoit (2003). Trusting in Miracles: Metroplex Health System’s 25 Years of Healing. (Killeen, TX: Metroplex Health System, 100 p.). Metroplex Health System (Killeen, Tex.); Seventh-Day Adventist Hospital Association; Seventh-Day Adventist health facilities--Texas--Killeen; Public hospitals--Texas--Killeen.

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(Michael Reese Hospital), ed. Sarah Gordon (1981). All Our Lives: A Centennial History of Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center, 1881-1981. (Chicago, IL: The Hospital and Medical Center, 210 p.). Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center--History; History of medicine, 19th century--United States; History of medicine, 20th century--United States; Hospitals, General--History--United States; Hospitals--History--United States.

(Mississippi Baptist Medical Center), Carroll Brinson (1991). A Tradition of Caring: Mississippi Baptist Medical Center's First Eighty Years. (Jackson, MI: Oakdale Press, 240 p.). Mississippi Baptist Medical Center--History.

(Mountainside Hospital), Robert D.B. Carlisle (1991). Heritage of Caring: A Centennial History of the Mountainside Hospital (Glen Ridge/Montclair, N.J.: The Hospital, 102 p.). Mountainside Hospital (Montclair, N.J.)--History; Hospitals--New Jersey--Montclair--History.

(Mt. Sinai), Joseph Hirsh and Beka Doherty (1952). The First Hundred Years of the Mount Sinai Hospital of New York, 1852-1952. (New York, NY: Random House, 364 p.). Mount Sinai Hospital (New York, N.Y.)--History.

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(Ochsner Medical), John Wilds (1985). Ochsner's: An Informal History of the South's Largest Private Medical Center. (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 256 p.). Ochsner Medical Institutions--History; Medical centers--Louisiana--New Orleans--History.

(Oxford Instruments), Audrey Wood (2001). Magnetic Venture: The Story of Oxford Instruments. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 387 p.). Scientific apparatus and instruments industry--Great Britain--History; Medical instruments and apparatus industry--Great Britain--History; Nuclear magnetic resonance--Industrial applications--History.

(Perkin-Elmer), Thomas P. Fahy (1987). Richard Scott Perkin and the Perkin-Elmer Corporation. (United States: Perkin-Elmer Print Shop, 271 p.). Perkin, Richard Scott, 1906-1969; Elmer, Charles Wesley, 1872-1954; Perkin-Elmer Corporation--History; Industrialists--United States--Biography; Optical industry--United States--History.

(Physio-Control Corporation), Harriet and Terry King (1980). The Team 1955-1980. (Redmond, WA: Physio-control Corporation, 103 p.). Physio-control Corporation.

(Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Company), Sarah Stage (1979). Female Complaints: Lydia Pinkham and the Business of Women's Medicine. (New York, NY: Norton, 304 p.). Pinkham, Lydia Estes, 1819-1883; Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Company--History; Gynecology--United States--History--19th century; Advertising--Drugs--United States--History--19th century; Women--United States--Social conditions.

(Rochester General Hospital), Virginia Jeffrey Smith (1947). A Century of Service: Rochester General Hospital, 1847-1947. Chapters on the Medical Staff by Charles R. Witherspoon [and others]. (Rochester, NY: The Hospital, 227 p.). Rochester General Hospital; Rochester (N.Y.)--Hospitals.

(Rochester General Hospital), Teresa K. Lehr & Philip G. Maples (1997). To Serve the Community: A Celebration of Rochester General Hospital, 1847-1997. (Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Co., 207 p.). Rochester General Hospital (Rochester N. Y.)--History; Hospitals--New York (State)--Rochester--History.

(Royal Berkshire Hospital), Margaret Railton, Marshall Barr (1989). The Royal Berkshire Hospital 1839-1989. (Reading, UK: Royal Berkshire Hospital, 355 p.). Royal Berkshire Hospital. -- History; Hospitals -- England -- Reading -- History.

(Rush-Presbyterian), Jim Bowman (1987). Good Medicine: The First 150 Years of Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center. (Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press, 214 p.). Medical Care, Hospitals, Rush-Presbyterian.

(Sacred Heart Hospital), Robert F. Karolevitz (1997). A Commitment to Care: The First 100 Years of Sacred Heart Hospital, 1897-1997. (Mission Hill, SD: Dakota Homestead Publishers, 128 p.). Sacred Heart Hospital (Yankton, S.D.)--History; Catholic hospitals--South Dakota--Yankton--History; Hospitals--South Dakota--Yankton--History.

(Salem Hospital), John McMillan (1996). A Century of Service, 1896-1996. (Salem, OR: Salem Hospital, 124 p.). Salem Hospital (Salem, Or.)--History; Hospitals--Oregon--Salem--History.

(Scott and White Memorial Hospital), Patricia K. Benoit (1992). For the Good of Humanity: A Century of Surgery at Scott & White, 1892-1992. (Temple, TX: Scott & White Memorial Hospital, 107 p.). Scott and White Clinic (Temple, Tex.)--History; Santa Fe Memorial Hospital--History; Scott & White Santa Fe Center--History; Surgery--Texas--Temple--History.

(Smith & Nephew), James Foreman-Peck (1995). Smith & Nephew in the Health Care Industry. (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 269 p.). Smith & Nephew Medical; Pharmacy--Great Britain--History; Pharmacy--history--Great Britain.

(Staten Island University Hospital), Kathryn Levy Feldman (2005). Staten Island University Hospital: A History of Service. (Phoenix, AZ: Heritage Publishers,    p.). Staten Island University Hospital; Hospital care--Economic aspects--United States.

(Sunrider International), Robert A. Henrie (1999). Journey to the Sun: The Journey of Tei Fu Chen: The Legacy of Sunrider International. (Salt Lake City, UT: R. A. Henrie, 319 p.). Chen, Tei Fu; Sunrider International--History; Herb industry--United States--History; Dermatologic agents industry--United States--History; Weight loss preparations industry--United States--History; Businessmen--United States--Biography; Taiwanese Americans--Biography.

(Texas Medical Center), Frederick C. Elliott; edited, with an introduction by William Henry Kellar; foreword by Richard E. Wainerdi (2004). The Birth of the Texas Medical Center: A Personal Account. (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 264 p.). One of the Nine Signers of the original charter establishing the Texas Medical Center in 1945, Executive Director from 1952-63. Elliott, Frederick C.; Texas Medical Center--History; Medical centers--Texas--Houston--History; Health facilities--Texas--Houston--History. Eyewitness account of founding of Texas Medical Center; political struggles of finding funding and property for building of the center , conflicts regarding innovative treatments, procedures for inter-institutional cooperation.

(Traverse City State Hospital), Chris Miller (2005). Traverse City State Hospital. (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 128 p.). Traverse City State Hospital (Mich.)--History; Northern Michigan Asylum at Traverse City--History; Traverse City (Mich.)--History. Served  mental health needs of large part of Michigan for 104 years until its closure in 1989; housed population as large as 3,000.

(Vermont State Hospital), Marsha R. Kincheloe and Herbert G. Hunt, Jr. (1989). Empty Beds: A History of Vermont State Hospital. (Barre, VT: M. Kincheloe, 245 p.). Vermont State Hospital; State hospitals--Vermont--History; Hospitals, State--history--Vermont.

(Wellesley Hospital), Eds. edited by David Goyette, Dennis William Magill, and Jeff Denis (2006). Survival Strategies: The Life, Death and Renaissance of a Canadian Teaching Hospital. (Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars’ Press, 501 p.). Wellesley Hospital--History; Wellesley Central Hospital--History; Teaching hospitals--Ontario--Toronto--History.

(Wesley Medical Research Institutes), Craig Miner (2000). Studying to Care: A History of Wesley Medical Research Institutes, 1949-1999. (Wichita, KS: Wesley Medical Research Institutes, 116 p.). Wesley Medical Research Institutes (Wichita, Kan.)--History.

(Yale-New Haven Hospital), Wendy Murphy (2001). A Leader of Substance: Yale-New Haven Hospital at 175 Years. (Lyme, CT: Greenwich Pub. Group, 144 p.). Yale-New Haven Hospital--History; Hospitals--Connecticut--New Haven--History.

George Anders (1996). Health against Wealth: HMOs and the Breakdown of Medical Trust. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 299 p.). Health maintenance organizations--United States; Health Maintenance Organizations--United States; Insurance, Health--trends--United States. 

Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele (2004). Critical Condition: How Health Care in America Became Big Business-- and Bad Medicine. (New York, NY: Doubleday, 304 p.). Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative team, Editors at Large (Time Magazine). Medical care, Cost of--United States; Insurance, Health--United States; Medical policy--United States; Medical economics--United States; Medical care--United States.

Daniel Benamouzig (2005). La Sante au Miroir de l’Economie: Une Histoire de l’Economie de la Sante en France. (Paris, FR: Presses Universitaires de France, 479 p.). Medical economics--France--History.

E. Richard Brown(1979). Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 283 p.). Rockefeller Foundation--History; Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching--History; Medicine--United States--History--20th century; Medical policy--Business community participation--United States--History--20th century; Charities, Medical--United States--History--20th century; Medical economics--United States--History--20th century; Medical education--United States--History--20th century; United States--Economic conditions--1865-1918.

Shannon Brownlee (2007). Overtreated: Why Too Much Medicine Is Making Us Sicker and Poorer. (New York, NY: Bloomsbury, 352 p.). Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation. Medical care--United States; Medical care--Utilization--United States. Health care system delivers huge amounts of unnecessary care,   wasteful, can imperil health of patients; specialists rewarded more for some procedures than for appropriate ones; Veterans Health Administration outperforms rest of American health care system on multiple measures of quality; patients in hospitals that spent most were 2%-6% more likely to die than patients in hospitals that spent least.

Richard Carter (1958). The Doctor Business. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 283 p.). Medical economics--United States. Critical view of American Medical Association.

Mary G. Clark (2001). One in a Million: A Memoir. (Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 259 p.). Medical Pioneer. Clark, Mary G., 1932- ; Businesswomen -- Pennsylvania -- Biography; Alternative medicine -- Pennsylvania -- Biography; Christian biography.

David Dranove (2000). The Economic Evolution of American Health Care: From Marcus Welby to Managed Care. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 211 p.). Managed care plans (Medical care)--Economic aspects--United States; Medical care--Economic aspects--United States; Public health--Economic aspects--United States.

Julie M. Fenster (2005). Mavericks, Miracles, and Medicine: The Pioneers Who Risked Their Lives To Bring Medicine into the Modern Age. (New York, NY: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 304 p.). Medicine--History; Medical innovations; Medicine--Biography; History of Medicine, Modern--Biography.

Eric A. Finkelstein, Laurie Zuckerman (2008). The Fattening of America: How the Economy Makes Us Fat, If It Matters, and What To Do About It. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 274 p.). Health Economist (RTI International); Journalist. Obesity--Economic aspects--United States. Economic drivers behind obesity epidemic, financial impact of obesity on society; companies that encourage obesity, companies that provide weight loss products profit handsomely from obesity; employers, government, taxpayers, military lose; need to revise farm subsidies, create incentives for healthy behaviors, discourage production of high-caloric foods.

Laura Fraser (1997). Losing It: America's Obsession with Weight and the Industry That Feeds On It. (New York, NY: Dutton, 328 p.). Weight loss--Social aspects--United States; Weight loss preparations industry--United States.

Eds. Martin Gorsky and Sally Sheard (2006). Financing Medicine: The British Experience Since 1750. (New York, NY: Routledge, 258 p.). Medical care, Cost of--Great Britain--History; Delivery of Health Care--economics--Great Britain; Delivery of Health Care--history--Great Britain; Financing, Organized--history--Great Britain; Health Care Sector--history--Great Britain; History, 18th Century--Great Britain; History, 19th Century--Great Britain; History, 20th Century--Great Britain. 

Bradford H. Gray (1991). The Profit Motive and Patient Care: The Changing Accountability of Doctors and Hospitals. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 440 p.). Medical economics--United States; Hospitals--United States--Business management; Medical care--United States; Delivery of Health Care--trends--United States; Economics, Hospital--trends--United States; Economics, Medical--trends--United States; Financial Management--trends--United States; Hospitals--trends--United States.

Deborah Haas-Wilson (2003). Managed Care and Monopoly Power: The Antitrust Challenge. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 238 p.). Professor of Economics (Smith College). Medical care--United States; Medical economics--United States; Managed care plans (Medical care)--United States; Monopolies. Economic concepts necessary to enforcement of antitrust laws in health care markets; argument for principled, economics-based health care antitrust policy.

Regina E. Herzlinger (1997). Market-Driven Health Care: Who Wins, Who Loses in the Transformation of America's Largest Service Industry. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub., 379 p.). Nancy R. McPherson Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business School. Medical care--United States--Cost control; Patient satisfaction--United States; Health services accessibility--United States; Medical economics--United States; Medical care--United States.

--- (2007). Who Killed Health Care?: America’s $2 Trillion Medical Problem -- and the Consumer-Driven Cure. (New York, NY: Mc-Graw Hill, 304 p.). Nancy R. McPherson Professor of Business Administration (Harvard Business School). Medical care--United States--Cost control; Patient satisfaction--United States; Health services accessibility--United States; Medical economics--United States; Medical care--United States. Current system organized around payers, providers not needs of users; consumer-driven system:1) insurance money in hands of patients, 2) remove middleman, 3) give employers cost relief, 4) smaller, disease-focused medical facilities, 5) national system of medical records, 6) mandatory performance evaluations, 7) mandatory health insurance with subsidies for those who cannot afford it.

Eds. Marl S. R. Jenner and Patrick Wallis (2007). Medicine and the Market in England and Its Colonies, c.1450-c.1850. (New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Senior Lecturer in History (University of York); Lecturer in Economic History (London School of Economics and Political Science). Medical economics--Great Britain--History; Medical care--Great Britain--History; Medicine--Great Britain--History; Medical economics--Great Britain--Colonies--History; Medical care--Great Britain--Colonies--History; Medicine--Great Britain--Colonies--History; Economics, Medical--history--England; Economics, Medical--history--India; Economics, Medical--history--New England; Delivery of Health Care--history--England; Delivery of Health Care--history--India; Delivery of Health Care--history--New England; History, Early Modern 1451-1600--England; History, Early Modern 1451-1600--India; History, Early Modern 1451-1600--New England; History, Modern 1601---England; History, Modern 1601---India; History, Modern 1601---New England. Pre-modern 'medical marketplace'; medicine and market in England, North America, India between 15th and 19th centuries: magic, midwifery, professionalization;  how healthcare operated, changed over this period.

Jerome P. Kassirer (2005). On the Take: How America's Complicity with Big Business Can Endanger Your Health. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 251 p.). Former Editor-in-Chief (The New England Journal of Medicine). Physicians--Professional ethics--United States; Pharmaceutical industry--Corrupt practices--United States; Medical ethics--United States; Conflict of interests; Gifts; Practice Management, Medical--ethics; Conflict of Interest; Physician Incentive Plans--ethics; Physician's Practice Patterns--ethics; Physician's Role; Physician-Patient Relations--ethics. Billion-dollar onslaught of industry money has deflected many physicians' moral compasses, directly impacted the everyday care we receive from doctors and institutions we trust most.

John A. Kastor (2001). Mergers of Teaching Hospitals: in Boston, New York, and Northern California. (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 487 p.). Teaching hospitals--Administration--Case studies; Hospital mergers--Case studies; Multihospital systems--Case studies; Hospitals--Shared services--Case studies. Mergers of hospitals can be risky.

Bettyann Holtzmann Kevles (1997). Naked to the Bone: Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Century. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 378 p.). Science Writer. Diagnostic imaging--History; Radiography, Medical--History. 

Betty Leyerle (1984). Moving and Shaking American Medicine: The Structure of a Socioeconomic Transformation (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 218 p.). Medical economics -- United States; Social medicine -- United States. Series Contributions in economics and economic history.

--- (1994). The Private Regulation of American Health Care (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 229 p.). Medical care -- United States -- History; Medical economics -- United States; Medical care -- Law and legislation -- United States.

Arthur J. Linenthal (1990). First a Dream: The History of Boston’s Jewish Hospitals, 1896 to 1928. (Boston, MA: Beth Israel Hospital in association with Tthe Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, 737 p.). Mount Sinai Hospital (Boston, Mass.); Beth Israel Hospital (Boston, Mass.); Jewish hospitals--Massachusetts--Boston--History; Hospitals, Private--history--Boston.

Barbara Bridgman Perkins (2004). The Medical Delivery Business: Health Reform, Childbirth, and the Economic Order. (Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 252 p.). Health services administration--Economic aspects--United States; Health planning--Economic aspects--United States; Medical economics--United States; Medical policy--United States--History; Health care reform--United States--History; Maternal health services--Economic aspects--United States. 

Elizabeth Pisani (2008). The Wisdom of Whores: Bureaucrats, Brothels, and the Business of AIDS. (New York, NY: Norton, 288 p.). Epidemiologist Researching AIDS. AIDS (Disease)--Prevention; Epidemiologists Biography; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome--prevention & control; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome--economics; HIV Infections; Health Policy; Sexual Behavior. How profession works - waste, fraud, arrogance of Aids industry; how easy to draw wrong conclusions from "objective" data; how much money spent very badly.

Allyson M. Pollock, with Colin Leys ... [et al (2004). NHS Plc: The Privatisation of Our Health Care. (New York, NY: Verso, 256 p.). Professor of Health Policy and Chair of the Health Policy and Health Services Research Unit (University College, London). Great Britain. National Health Service; Great Britain. National Health Service; National health services--Economic aspects--Great Britain; Health services administration--Great Britain; Medical care--Great Britain--Finance; Medical policy--Great Britain; Privatization--Great Britain; State Medicine--economics--Great Britain; Health Care Sector--trends--Great Britain; Marketing of Health Services--economics--Great Britain; Privatization--economics--Great Britain. 

Michael E. Porter, Elizabeth Olmstead Teisberg (2005). Redefining Health Care: Creating Positive-Sum Competition To Deliver Value. (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 432 p.). Bishop William Lawrence University Professor at Harvard Business School; Associate Professor at the Darden Graduate School of Business (University of Virginia). Medical care--Quality control; Medical care--Cost control; Medical care--Cost effectiveness; Value analysis (Cost control); Competition; Delivery of Health Care--economics--United States; Economic Competition--United States; Quality of Health Care--economics--United States; Health Care Costs--United States. Positive-sum competition in health care to improve quality and efficiency.

Darryl J. Roberts (1997). Profits of Death: An Insider Exposes the Death Care Industries. (Chandler, AZ: Five Star Publications, 238 p.). Undertakers and undertaking--United States; Undertakers and undertaking--Social aspects--United States; Funeral rites and ceremonies--United States; Consumer education--United States.

Debora L. Spar (2005). The Baby Business: Elite Eggs, Designer Genes, and the Thriving Commerce of Conception. (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 302 p.). Spangler Family Professor of Business Administration at Harvard Business School. Human reproductive technology--Economic aspects; Infertility--Treatment--Economic aspects; Surrogate motherhood--Economic aspects; Adoption--Economic aspects; Infertility--therapy; Adoption; Commerce; Genetic Services--economics; Reproductive Medicine--economics; Reproductive Techniques--economics; Socioeconomic Factors; Surrogate Mothers. Commercial truth about reproduction - a $3 billion unregulated industry.

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Douglas Starr (1998). Blood: An Epic History of Medicine and Commerce. (New York, NY: Knopf, 441 p.). Co-Director, Graduate Program in Science Journalism (Boston University). Blood banks--History. 

Rosemary Stevens (1989). In Sickness and in Wealth: American Hospitals in the Twentieth Century. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 432 p.). Hospitals--United States--History--20th century; Hospitals--history--United States.

Andrea Tone (2001). Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America. (New York, NY: Hill & Wang, 366 p.). Birth control--United States--History; Contraceptives--United States--History. 

Barbra Mann Wall (2005). Unlikely Entrepreneurs: Catholic Sisters and the Hospital Marketplace, 1865-1925. (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 344 p.). Assistant Professor of Nursing (Purdue University). Catholic hospitals--United States--Administration--History--19th century; Catholic hospitals--United States--Administration--History--20th century; Monasticism and religious orders for women--United States--History--19th century; Monasticism and religious orders for women--United States--History--20th century; Pastoral medicine--Catholic Church--History--19th century; Pastoral medicine--Catholic Church--History--20th century; Hospitals, Religious--history--United States; Catholicism--United States; History, 19th Century--United States; History, 20th Century--United States; Hospitals, Religious--economics--United States. 

James Wynbrandt (1998). The Excruciating History of Dentistry / Toothsome Tales & Oral Oddities from Babylon to Braces. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 248 p.). Comedy Writer. Dentistry--History.

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Business History Links

American College of Healthcare Executives                                     http://www.ache.org/                                                           International professional society of nearly 30,000 healthcare executives.

American Hospital Association                                                      http://www.aha.org                                                                        Founded in 1898, the American Hospital Association (AHA) is the national umbrella organization that represents a wide range of hospitals and health care networks. While some of the site's contents are designed for health care professionals and executives, the general public and some scholars will find some of the features, such as their quarterly reports on the latest in hospital trends, quite valuable. A good place to start is the Resource Center section of the site, which contains helpful guides to locating the information on the site itself. There are a number of free resources available here, such as a fact sheet about America's hospitals and studies, including "The State of America's Hospitals: Taking the Pulse" and "Costs of Caring: Sources of Growth in Spending for Hospital Care".

American Institute of the History of Pharmacy                               www.aihp.org                                                                                    Non-profit national organization devoted to advancing knowledge and understanding of the place of pharmacy in history. The mission is to contribute to the understanding of the development of civilization by fostering the creation, preservation, and dissemination of knowledge concerning the history and related humanistic aspects of the pharmaceutical field.

Medicine and Madison Avenue                                                                       http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/mma/                                               This website explores the complex relationships between modern medicine and modern advertising, or "Madison Avenue," as the latter is colloquially termed. The Medicine and Madison Avenue Project presents images and database information for approximately 600 health-related advertisements printed in newspapers and magazines. These ads illustrate the variety and evolution of marketing images from the 1910s through the 1950s. The collection represents a wide range of products such as cough and cold remedies, laxatives and indigestion aids, and vitamins and tonics, among others. In addition to the advertisements themselves, the MMA website includes historical material -- non-graphical text-only documents -- that put health-related advertising into a broader perspective.

History of Pepto-Bismol                                                                    http://www.pepto-bismol.com/history.htm                                     Introduced in 1901 by a doctor in New York state.