(1974-1977)
August 9, 1974
- Gerald Ford (born Leslie King in Omaha, NE, adopted, renamed
by his mother's second husband) was
sworn in as the 38th president of the United States following the
resignation of Richard Nixon.
August 14, 1974
- Congress authorizes U.S. citizens to own gold.
September 2, 1974
- President Gerald Ford signed into law the Employee Retirement
Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), a federal law which regulated
employee health and pension benefit plans in the private sector
(employment based medical and hospitalization benefits,
apprenticeship plans, and other plans); two purposes: a)
protect employee benefits and b) help employers operating in
multiple states by providing uniformity in administration and
regulation of benefit plans; set minimum standards for most
voluntarily established pension and health plans in private
industry to provide protection for individuals in these plans;
required pension plans to provide for vesting of employees'
pension rights after a specified minimum number of years and to
meet certain funding requirements. It also established the Pension
Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC), that provided some
minimal benefits coverage in the event that a plan did not, on
termination, have sufficient assets to provide all the benefits
employees and retirees had earned; covered pension plans and
welfare benefit plans; Pension and Welfare Benefits Administration
(PWBA) responsible for administering and enforcing the fiduciary,
reporting and disclosure provisions of Title I of ERISA;
February 2003 - name changed to Employee Benefits Security
Administration.
September 8, 1974
- President Ford granted an unconditional pardon to former
President Nixon for all Federal crimes that he "committed or may
have committed or taken part in" while in office, an act Mr. Ford
said was intended to spare Mr. Nixon and the nation further
punishment in the Watergate scandals. Mr. Nixon, in San Clemente,
Calif., accepted the pardon, which exempts him from indictment and
trial for, among other things, his role in the cover-up of the
Watergate burglary. He issued a statement saying that he could now
see he was "wrong in not acting more decisively and more
forthrightly in dealing with Watergate."
September 12, 1974
- Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed by Ethiopia's military after
ruling for 58 years.
September 16, 1974
- President Ford announced a conditional amnesty program for
Vietnam War deserters and draft evaders.
September 25, 1974
- Scientists warned that continued use of aerosol sprays would
cause ozone depletion, leading to an increased risk of skin cancer
and global weather changes and warming.
October 17, 1974
- President Gerald Ford explains to Congress why he had chosen to
pardon his predecessor, Richard Nixon, rather than allow Congress
to pursue legal action against the former president. Congress had
accused Nixon of obstruction of justice during the investigation
of the Watergate scandal, which began in 1972. White House tape
recordings revealed that Nixon knew about and possibly authorized
the bugging of the Democratic National Committee offices, located
in the Watergate Hotel in Washington DC. Rather than be impeached
and removed from office, Nixon chose to resign on August 8, 1974.
When he assumed office on August 9, 1974, Ford, referring to the
Watergate scandal, announced that America’s "long national
nightmare" was over. There were no historical or legal precedents
to guide Ford in the matter of Nixon’s pending indictment, but
after much thought, he decided to give Nixon a full pardon for all
offenses against the United States in order to put the tragic and
disruptive scandal behind all concerned. Ford justified this
decision by claiming that a long, drawn-out trial would only have
further polarized the public. Ford’s decision to pardon Nixon was
condemned by many and is thought to have contributed to Ford’s
failure to win the presidential election of 1976.
November 21, 1974
-Freedom of Information Act passed by Congress over President
Ford's veto.
November 24, 1974
- Gerald Ford and Leonid Brezhnev signs SALT-2-treaty.
November 25, 1974
- The British government outlawed the IRA in all of Great Britain,
including Northern Ireland, after IRA bombs hurt and killed many
in Birmingham, England.
December 10, 1974
- Representative Wilbur D. Mills (65 years old), an influential
and married Democratic congressman from Arkansas, resigns as
chairman of the Ways and Means Committee in the aftermath of the
first truly public sex scandal in American politics; October
7, 1974 - at 2 a.m., Mills was stopped by Washington park
police while driving at night with his lights off; visibly
intoxicated, his face was scratched, his companion, 38-year-old
Annabell Battistella, had bruised eyes. Battistella then jumped
into the Tidal Basin near the Jefferson Memorial and had to be
pulled out by the police; later identified as a popular stripper
who went by the names "Fanne Foxe" and the "Argentine
Firecracker."
December 19, 1974
- Nelson A. Rockefeller was sworn in as the vice president of the
United States, replacing Gerald Ford. Ford had replaced Spiro
Agnew months before when Agnew resigned.
December 31, 1974
- Private U.S. citizens were allowed to buy and own gold for the
first time in more than 40 years.
January 15, 1975
- President Gerald Ford warned Congress before launching into his
very first state of the union address. During the ensuing speech,
Ford painted a grim portrait of America's economic woes. The state
of the union, he confessed, was "not good. Millions of Americans
are out of work. Recession and inflation are eroding the money of
millions more. Prices are too high and sales are too low." Along
with these problems, Ford offered an ominous budget estimate that
showed the government running increasingly in the red over the
next few fiscal years. However, Ford, who had recently been
installed as the President after Richard Nixon's scandal-ridden
resignation, attempted to balance the bad news by offering a
remedy for the America's fiscal ailments. He unveiled a relief
package that featured a few rounds of tax cuts for individuals and
corporations, as well as an energy program that promised to raise
money, albeit through raising costs and taxes on oil for consumers
and businesses.
January 27, 1975
- Special congressional committee headed by Senator Frank Church
of Idaho launches bipartisan Senate investigation of activities by
the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA); November 20, 1975 - the
committee released its report - charged both U.S. government
agencies with illegal activities: 1) that the FBI and the CIA had
conducted illegal surveillance of several hundred thousand U.S.
citizens; 2) CIA had illegally plotted to assassinate foreign
leaders, such as Salvador Allende, the democratically elected
socialist president of Chile (1973 - Allende was killed in a coup
that the CIA secretly helped organize); 3) CIA had maintained a
secret stockpile of poisons despite a specific presidential order
to destroy the substances.
January 28, 1975
- President Gerald Ford asks Congress for an additional $522
million in military aid for South Vietnam and Cambodia. He
revealed that North Vietnam now had 289,000 troops in South
Vietnam, and tanks, heavy artillery, and antiaircraft weapons "by
the hundreds." Despite his wishes to honor Nixon's promise to come
to the aid of South Vietnam, he was faced with a hostile Congress
who refused to appropriate military aid for South Vietnam and
Cambodia; both countries fell to the communists later in the year.
February 11, 1975
- Margaret Thatcher became the first woman to lead the British
Conservative Party; defeated Edward Heath.
February 21, 1975
- Former Attorney General John N. Mitchell and former White
House aides H.R. Haldeman and John D. Ehrlichman were sentenced to
2 1/2 to 8 years in prison for their roles in the Watergate
cover-up.
March 7, 1975
- The Senate revised its filibuster rule, allowing 60 senators to
limit debate in most cases, instead of the previously required
two-thirds of senators present.
April 17, 1975
- Khmer Rouge troops capture Phnom Penh and government forces
surrender. The war between government troops and the communist
insurgents had been raging since March 1970, when Lt. Gen. Lon Nol
had ousted Prince Norodom Sihanouk in a bloodless coup and
proclaimed the establishment of the Khmer Republic.
April 23, 1975
- South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu resigned after 10
years in office. Xuan Loc, the last South Vietnamese outpost
blocking a direct North Vietnamese assault on Saigon, falls to the
communists. As the North Vietnamese forces closed on the
approaches to Saigon, the politburo in Hanoi issued an order to
Gen. Van Tien Dung to launch the "Ho Chi Minh Campaign," the final
assault on Saigon itself. Dung began to move his forces into
position for the final battle. With the fall of Xuan Loc,
President Nguyen Van Thieu resigned and transferred authority to
Vice-President Tran Van Huong. Thieu then fled Saigon, flying to
Taiwan on April 25 and eventually on to Great Britain.
April 30, 1975
- The South Vietnamese capital of Saigon fell to Communist
forces. Communist troops of North Vietnam and the Provisional
Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam poured into Saigon today
as a century of Western influences came to an end. The President
of the former non-Communist Government of South Vietnam, Gen.
Duong Van Minh, who had gone on radio and television to announce
his administration's surrender, was taken to a microphone later by
North Vietnamese soldiers for another announcement. He appealed to
all Saigon troops to lay down their arms and was taken by the
North Vietnamese soldiers to an undisclosed destination. The
transfer of power was symbolized by the raising of the flag of the
National Liberation Front over the presidential palace.
May 7, 1975
- President Ford declares an end to "Vietnam Era".
May 12, 1975
- American freighter Mayaguez and its 39-man crew is captured by
communist government forces in Cambodia (gunboats of the Cambodian
navy), setting off an international incident. The U.S. response to
the affair indicated that the wounds of the Vietnam War still ran
deep. Cambodian authorities imprisoned the American crew, pending
an investigation of the ship and why it had sailed into waters
claimed by Cambodia. The response of the United States government
was quick. President Gerald Ford called the Cambodian seizure of
the Mayaguez an "act of piracy" and promised swift action to
rescue the captured Americans. May 14, 1975 -
President Ford ordered the bombing of the Cambodian port where the
gunboats had come from and sent Marines to attack the island of
Koh Tang, where the prisoners were being held. Unfortunately, the
military action was probably unnecessary. The Cambodian government
was already in the process of releasing the crew of the Mayaguez
and the ship. Forty-one Americans died, most of them in an
accidental explosion during the attack. Most Americans, however,
cheered the action as evidence that the United States was once
again willing to use military might to slap down potential
enemies.
May 21, 1975
- Lowell W. Perry confirmed as chairman of Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission.
May 29, 1975
- President Gerald Ford vetoed $5.3 billion jobs-creation bill.
Legislation promised to create 1 million badly needed jobs but
Ford was wary of the program's hefty price tag. He moved to pass a
bill that extended the ceiling on unemployment benefits to
sixty-five weeks.
June 5, 1975
- Egypt reopened the Suez Canal to international shipping, eight
years after it was closed because of the 1967 war with Israel.
June 12, 1975
- Indira Gandhi (daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime
minister of the independent Republic of India), the prime minister
of India, is found guilty of electoral corruption in her
successful 1971 campaign. Despite calls for her resignation,
Gandhi refused to give up India's top office and later declared
martial law in the country when public demonstrations threatened
to topple her administration. 1977 - long-postponed
national elections were held, and Gandhi and her party were swept
from office. The next year, Gandhi's supporters broke from the
Congress Party and formed the Congress (I) Party, with the "I"
standing for "Indira." January 1980 - Congress (I)
Party, with Indira as its head, won back the lower Indian
parliament in a stunning reversal of its political fortunes.
Gandhi, embraced by Indians who valued her strong leadership, was
again prime minister. The legal cases against her were
subsequently dismissed. October 31, 1984 - Sikh
members of Gandhi's own bodyguard gunned her down on the grounds
of her home after hundreds of Sikhs had been killed in the
government assault on a sacred Sikh Golden Temple in Amritsar.
July 5, 1975
- The Cape Verde Islands officially became independent after 500
years of Portuguese rule.
July 8, 1975
- President Ford announced he'll seek Republican nomination for
president.
July 17, 1975
- Apollo spaceship docked with a Soyuz spacecraft in orbit in the
first superpower linkup of its kind (about 140 miles over the
Atlantic Ocean, 620 miles west of Portugal). The Soviet and
American crews met face to face more than three hours and two
orbits of earth later. The linked spaceships were passing over
Amsterdam at the moment.
July 22, 1975
- House of Representatives votes to restore citizenship to Gen
Robert E. Lee.
July 29, 1975
- President Gerald R. Ford became the first U.S. president to
visit the site of the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz in Poland.
July 30, 1975
- Thirty-five nations, called together by the United States and
the Soviet Union, begin a summit meeting in Helsinki, Finland.
Officially known as the Conference on Security and Cooperation in
Europe, the meeting was attended by the United States, the Soviet
Union, Canada, and all European nations (except Albania). August
1, 1975, the summit attendees issued a "Final Act," outlining the
broad agreements that had been reached at the conference. All
signatories to the Final Act agreed to respect the state
boundaries established after World War II and abide by the rule of
international law. In addition, human rights were emphasized and
all states agreed to protect the basic rights of their people.
Finally, all nations agreed to pursue arms reduction treaties in
the future. Temporary jumpstart to the idea of detente, but in the
years to come most aspects of the Final Act were disregarded or
forgotten.
July 30, 1975
- Former Teamsters union president Jimmy Hoffa disappeared in
suburban Detroit. Although presumed dead, his remains have never
been found.
August 1, 1975
- United States, the Soviet Union, Canada and every European
nation (except Albania) sign the Helsinki Final Act on the last
day of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE).
The act was intended to revive the sagging spirit of detente
between the Soviet Union and the United States and its allies.
CSCE soon became the cause for heated debates between the United
States and the Soviet Union, primarily over the issue of human
rights in Russia. By mid-1978 - the CSCE ceased to
function in any important sense. It was revived by Soviet leader
Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, and served as a foundation for his
policy of closer and friendlier relations with the United States.
September 5, 1975
- President Gerald R. Ford escaped an attempt on his life in
Sacramento, CA, by Lynette ''Squeaky'' Fromme, a follower of
Charles Manson.
September 22, 1975
- Sara Jane Moore failed in an attempt to shoot President Gerald
R. Ford outside a San Francisco hotel.
October 2, 1975
- President Gerald Ford welcomed Showa Tenno Hirohito, the 124th
Japanese monarch along an imperial line dating back to 660 BC.
October 20, 1975
- The U.S. announced a deal to make annual sales of 6 to 8
million tons of grain to the Soviet Union.
October 26, 1975
- Anwar Sadat became the first Egyptian president to pay an
official visit to the United States.
October 30, 1975-
The New York Daily News ran the headline ''Ford to City: Drop
Dead'' a day after President Gerald R. Ford said he would veto any
proposed federal bailout of New York City.
October 30, 1975
- Prince Juan Carlos becomes Spain's acting head of state after
General Francisco Franco, the dictator of Spain since 1936,
concedes that he is too ill too govern. Three weeks after Juan
Carlos assumed power, Franco died of a heart attack.
November 22, 1975 - Juan Carlos was crowned king. Juan
Carlos' grandfather was Alfonso XIII, the last ruling monarch of
Spain, who was forced into exile in 1931 after Spain was declared
a republic. Born in Italy in 1938, Juan Carlos returned to Spain
in 1955 under the invitation of Franco and received a military
education. In 1969, Franco designated Juan Carlos his successor.
Despite having pledged loyalty to Franco's authoritarian regime,
King Juan Carlos immediately began a transition to democracy after
Franco's death in 1975.
November 10, 1975
- United Nations Resolution 3379: United Nations General Assembly
approves a resolution equating Zionism with racism (the resolution
was repealed in December 1991).
November 11, 1975
- Angola gained independence from Portugal.
November 20, 1975
- Ronald Reagan announced candidacy for Rep nomination for
president.
November 21, 1975
- The Senate Committee to Study Governmental Operations with
Respect to Intelligence Activities, chaired by Senator Frank
Church, issues a report charging that U.S. government officials
were behind assassination plots against two foreign leaders and
were heavily involved in at least three other plots. Alleged that
U.S. officials instigated plots to assassinate Cuban leader Fidel
Castro and Patrice Lumumba of the Congo. In addition, the U.S.
officials "encouraged or were privy to" plots that led to the
assassinations of Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam, General Rene
Schneider of Chile, and Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic.
The attempts against Castro failed, but the other four leaders
were killed. The Central Intelligence Agency came in for special
condemnation for its efforts to recruit Mafia hit men to kill
Castro and mercenaries to assassinate Lumumba. In the report's
conclusion, the committee declared that, "We condemn the use of
assassination as a tool of foreign policy [and] find that
assassination violates moral precepts fundamental to our way of
life." President Gerald Ford criticized the decision to release
the report, claiming that it would do "grievous damage to our
country" and would be used by "groups hostile to the United States
in a manner designed to do maximum damage to the reputation and
foreign policy of the United States."
November 22, 1975
- Juan Carlos I was sworn in as King of Spain, two days after the
death of General Francisco Franco.
November 25, 1975
- Suriname, formerly called Dutch Guiana, became an independent
republic.
November 26, 1975
- A
federal jury in Sacramento, CA found Lynette ''Squeaky'' Fromme,
a follower of Charles Manson, guilty of trying to assassinate
President Gerald R. Ford.
November 26, 1975
- President Gerald Ford proposed a $2.3 billion aid package
designed to address New York City's "seasonal cash needs"
(saddled with a multi-million-dollar deficit that threatened to
balloon to $1.3 billion by March 1976); plan passed, made
federal money available to New York in any of the ensuing three
years.
November 28, 1975
- President Gerald Ford, nominated Federal Judge John Paul
Stevens to the U.S. Supreme Court seat vacated by William O.
Douglas.
November 28, 1975
- Democratically elected government of East Timor, near Australia
in the Timor Sea. fearing an imminent Indonesian invasion,
proclaimed the Democratic Republic of East Timor. December
7, 1975 - Indonesian dictator Suharto ordered Indonesian
forces to launch a massive invasion of the former Portuguese half
of the island of Timor; initiated a naval bombardment of the city
of Dili, followed by landings of paratroopers from the air and of
marines on the beaches. December 10, 1975 - a second
invasion force captured the second largest city, Baucau.
Elsewhere, East Timorese resistance continued, but by 1978 the
annexation of East Timor by Indonesia was essentially complete.
December 9, 1975
- President Gerald R. Ford signed a $2.3 billion seasonal loan
authorization to prevent New York City from having to default.
December 12, 1975
- Sara Jane Moore pleaded guilty to trying to kill President
Gerald R. Ford.
December 17, 1975
- Lynette ''Squeaky'' Fromme was sentenced to life in prison for
her attempt on the life of President Gerald R. Ford.
December 23, 1975
- Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act declaring that the SI
(International System of Units) will be the country's basic system
of measurement.
January 5, 1976
- Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot (born Saloth Sar in 1925 to a
relatively well-off Cambodian family) announces a new constitution
changing the name of Cambodia to Kampuchea and legalizing its
Communist government. During the next three years his brutal
regime sent the nation back to the Middle Ages and was responsible
for the deaths of an estimated 1 to 2 million Cambodians.
January 15, 1976
- Sara Jane Moore was sentenced to life in prison for her attempt
on the life of President Gerald Ford in San Francisco.
February 11, 1976
- Clifford Alexander, Jr. confirmed as first black secretary of
Army.
February 20, 1976
- Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), one of the bulwarks
of America's Cold War policies in Asia, concludes its final
military exercise and quietly shuts down (Vietnam War did much to
destroy its cohesiveness and question its effectiveness);
1954 - formed during a meeting in Manila called by U.S.
Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. Eight nations-the United
States, France, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, the
Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan-joined together in the
regional defense organization to "stem the tide of communism in
Asia." As the war in Vietnam became increasingly frustrating and
unpopular, SEATO began to crack. By the time the conflict in
Vietnam ended in 1975--with South Vietnam's fall to the communist
North Vietnamese--only five nations were left to carry out the
final SEATO military exercise in February 1976. A mere 188 troops
from the United States, Great Britain, the Philippines, Thailand,
and New Zealand showed up in the Philippines to conduct what was
basically a civic action operation. Roads, schools, and a dam were
built by the troops in the Philippine countryside. Afterwards,
while "Auld Lang Syne" was played, closing ceremonies marked the
end of SEATO.
February 25, 1976
- U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states may ban the hiring of
illegal aliens.
March 23, 1976
- International Bill of Rights goes into effect (35 nations
ratify).
March 24, 1976
- The president of Argentina, Isabel Peron, was deposed by her
country's military.
April 7, 1976
- China's leadership deposed Deputy Prime Minister Deng Xiaoping.
April 25, 1976
- Elections in Vietnam for a National Assembly to reunite the
country.
July 2, 1976
- The Supreme Court ruled the death penalty was not inherently
cruel or unusual.
July 14, 1976
- Jimmy Carter won the Democratic presidential nomination at the
party's convention in New York City.
July 20, 1976
- America's Viking 1 robot spacecraft landed on Mars at Chryse
Planitia, and began transmitting pictures. Viking 1 was launched
on August 20, 1975, and arrived at Mars on June 19, 1976. The
first month of its orbit was devoted to imaging the surface to
find appropriate landing sites. On July 20, 1976, the Viking 1
lander separated from the orbiter, touched down on the Chryse
Planitia region of Mars, and sent back the first close-up
photographs of the rust-colored Martian surface.
August 19, 1976
- President Gerald R. Ford won the Republican presidential
nomination at the party's national convention in Kansas City.
September 1, 1976
- Representative Wayne L. Hayes (D-Ohio) resigned because of
scandal with Elizabeth Ray.
September 3, 1976
- The unmanned U.S. spacecraft Viking 2 landed on Mars to take the
first close-up, color photographs of the planet's surface.
September 17, 1976
- NASA unveiled the first space shuttle, the Enterprise, in
Palmdale, California.
September 20, 1976
- Playboy magazine releases Jimmy Carter's interview that he lusts for
women.
September 23, 1976
- President Gerald Ford and Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter
engaged in a debate that revolved mainly around economic issues.
Ford and Carter wrangled over the relative merits of tax cuts and
whether or not the country was headed toward increased inflation.
While the debate was certainly more civil than some of the
political debates of the eighties and nineties, it did feature a
few edgy exchanges. In his gentle Southern manner, Carter chided
Ford for neglecting the economy, which had continued to wallow in
the funk that had begun in the late sixties. The president,
meanwhile, dismissed Carter as a soft-headed liberal whose
tight-fisted proposals revealed his naivete about managing
America's money. The Georgia governor, however, turned his
inexperience into a virtue, eventually winning the election by
positioning himself as an outsider, untainted by Watergate and the
ineffectiveness of the current administration.
September 28, 1976
- Congress passes Toxic Substances Control Act.
October 4, 1976
- In Gregg v. Georgia, the Supreme Court lifted the ban on the
death sentence in murder cases, restoring capital punishment,
which had not been practiced since 1967.
October 6, 1976
- In a debate with Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter, President
Gerald R. Ford asserted there was ''no Soviet domination of
eastern Europe.'' Ford later conceded that he had misspoken.
October 11, 1976
- Mao Zedong's widow, Jiang Qing, and three others were arrested
and charged with plotting a coup as the Gang of Four.
October 12, 1976
- Hua Guo-feng succeeds Mao Tse-tung as chairman of Communist
Party.
October 15, 1976
- In the first debate of its kind between vice-presidential
nominees, Democrat Walter F. Mondale and Republican Bob Dole faced
off in Houston.
October 28, 1976
- Former Nixon aide John D. Ehrlichman entered a federal prison
camp in Safford, Ariz., to begin serving his sentence for
Watergate-related convictions.
November 2, 1976 - former
Georgia Governor Jimmy Cater defeated incumbent Gerald R. Ford;
first U. S. President from the Deep South since the Civil War.
November 9, 1976
- The United Nations General Assembly approved 10 resolutions
condemning apartheid in South Africa, including one characterizing
the white-ruled government as ''illegitimate.''
November 18, 1976
- Spain's parliament, by a vote of 425 to 59, with 13 abstentions,
approved a bill to establish a democracy after 37 years of
dictatorship. Largely appointed Parliament left by Franco approved
general elections for next year and voted itself out of existence.
Stunning victory for Prime Minister Adolfo Suarez, the personal
choice of King Juan Carlos and the leader in the slow
dismantlement of the dictatorial institutions of Franco Spain.
January 19, 1977
- President Gerald R. Ford pardons "Tokyo Rose"; name eventually
became synonymous with a Japanese-American woman named Iva Toguri
(on the orders of the Japanese government - broadcast sentimental
American music and phony announcements regarding U.S. troop losses
in a vain attempt to destroy the morale of Allied soldiers);
July 1941 - American citizen born in Los Angeles,
graduated from UCLA, in Japan to care for elderly aunt who became
ill, carried an identification card, but no passport; 1945
- captured, insisted that she was forced into her traitorous role
by the Japanese government, swore that she had never broadcast
false military reports, limited her shows to light musical fare,
smuggled food and medicine to the Allied POWs; year’s imprisonment
in Japan, released and returned to the United States, promptly
re-arrested for treason; 1956 - released from prison
for good behavior, immediately deported to Japan; 1977
- 60 Minutes broadcast revealed Toguri’s true story, highlighted
her ongoing fight for justice.
Douglas Brinkley (2007).
Gerald R. Ford. (New York, NY: Times Books. Ford, Gerald
R., 1913-2006; Presidents--United States--Biography; United
States--Politics and government--1974-1977.
Man of independent thought and conscience, who never allowed party
loyalty to prevail over his sense of right and wrong.
James M. Cannon (1994).
Time and Chance: Gerald Ford's
Appointment with History. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 496
p.). Ford, Gerald R., 1913- ; Nixon, Richard M. (Richard Milhous),
1913- ; Presidents -- United States -- Biography; United States --
Politics and government -- 1969-1974; United States -- Politics
and government -- 1974-1977; Watergate Affair, 1972-1974.
John J. Casserly (1977).
The Ford White House: The Diary of a Speechwriter.
(Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated University Press, 374 p.). Ford,
Gerald R., 1913-2006; Casserly, Jack--Diaries;
Speechwriters--United States--Diaries; United States--Politics and
government--1974-1977.
Thomas M. DeFrank (2007).
Write It When I’m Gone: Remarkable Off-the-Record Conversations
with Gerald R. Ford. (New York, NY: Putnam, 272 p.). 32
years Covering the White House, Washington Bureau Chief of the New
York Daily News. Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006; Ford, Gerald R.,
1913-2006 --Interviews; DeFrank, Thomas M.; Presidents--United
States--Biography; Presidents--United States--Interviews; United
States--Politics and government--1974-1977; United
States--Politics and government--1977-1981; United
States--Politics and government--1981-1989; United
States--Politics and government--1989-.
Picture of a decent Middle American thrust into the limelight of
one of the worst periods in the country's history; greatest enmity for John Dean, who helped
bring Nixon down. In Ford's view, he was "a self-seeking,
ambitious smarty."
Gerald R. Ford (1979).
A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of
Gerald R. Ford. (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 454 p.). Ford,
Gerald R., 1913- ; Presidents--United States--Biography.
--- (1987).
Humor and the Presidency. (New York, NY: Arbor House, 162
p.). Former President of the United States. Ford, Gerald R.,
1913-2006 --Humor; Presidents--United States--Humor; Political
satire, American.
Compiled by John Robert Greene (1994).
Gerald R. Ford: A Bibliography. (Westport, CT: Greenwood
Press, 148 p.). Professor of History and Communication (Cazenovia
College). Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006 --Bibliography.
John Robert Greene (1995).
The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford.
(Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 256 p.). Ford, Gerald
R., 1913- ; United States--Politics and government--1974-1977.
Yanek Mieczkowski (2005).
Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s. (Lexington,
KY: University Press of Kentucky, 455 p.). Ford, Gerald R., 1913-
; Presidents--United States--Biography; United States--Politics
and government--1974-1977; United States--Economic
conditions--1971-1981; United States--Social
conditions--1960-1980.
Clark R. Mollenhoff (1976).
The Man Who Pardoned Nixon. (New York, NY: St. Martin’s
Press, 312 p.). Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006; Nixon, Richard M.
(Richard Milhous), 1913-1994 --Pardon.
Richard Reeves (1975).
A Ford, not a Lincoln. (New York,
NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 212 p.). Ford, Gerald R., 1913.
Mark J. Rozell (1992).
The Press and the Ford Presidency. (Ann Arbor, MI:
University of Michigan Press, 246 p.). Ford, Gerald R., 1913- ;
Press and politics--United States; United States--Politics and
government--1974-1977.
Edward L. and Frederick H. Schapsmeier (1989).
Gerald R. Ford’s Date with Destiny: A Political Biography.
(New York, NY: P. Lang, 351 p.). Ford, Gerald R., 1913-2006;
Presidents--United States--Biography; United States--Politics and
government--1969-1974; United States--Politics and
government--1974-1977.
Barry Werth (2006).
31 Days:
The Crisis That Gave Us the Government We Have Today. (New York, NY: Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 416 p.).
Ford, Gerald R., 1913- ; United States--Politics and
government--1974-1977.
________________________________________________
LINKS
GERALD R. FORD LIBRARY
http://www.ford.utexas.edu
Presidency and Funeral of Gerald Ford
http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6685289
Collection of audio news and analysis and related material about
the presidency and funeral of Gerald Ford, who died in December
2006. The "Gerald Ford: The Accidental President" section includes
a Ford timeline, descriptions of his appointment as vice president
and his pardon of Richard Nixon, and audio clips of Ford speaking.
From National Public Radio (NPR).