April 12, 1799 - Phineas Pratt of Connecticut received the first US patent for a comb-cutting machine; 1759 - first commercial scale comb factory by Enoch Noyes of West Newbury, MA made combs from flattened animal horns; 1789 - Andrew Lord made first U.S. made ivory comb at Centerbrook, CT, cut the plate and teeth with a handsaw.

1828 - Pierre François Pascal Guerlain opened perfume store on 42, rue de Rivoli in Paris; 1853 -Eau de Cologne Impérial introduced, named His Majesty's Official Perfumer (France); 1925 - Shalimar introduced (named after garden in Srinagar, built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife); one of first perfumes to successfully incorporate large amounts of vanillin in its composition; 1994 - acquired by LVMH (world's largest luxury goods conglomerate).

1854 - Louis Vuitton founded founded Louis Vuitton Malletier ("Louis Vuitton Trunk-Maker"), opened store in Paris on Rue Nueve des Capucines; created luggage, bags and accessories; sold flat-topped trunks that were lightweight and airtight, (bought by France's Empress Eugénie in its first year of sale); 1896 - introduced Monogram canvas (considered the first "designer logo); 1987 - merged with Moët et Chandon and Hennessy, leading manufacturers of champagne and of brandy, to form the world's largest luxury goods conglomerate.

1882 - Andrew Jergens Sr. and Charles H. Geilfus founded The Jergens Soap Company; original product coconut oil soap; 1894 - renamed Andrew Jergens & Co.; 1901 - incorporated as the Andrew Jergens Co.; acquired John H. Woodbury Company ("Woodbury Facial Soap"); acquired Robert Eastman Company, maker of creams and lotions; most superior formula eventually became original Jergens Lotion, soon to become the number one selling hand lotion in America; 1970 - acquired by American Brands for $100 million; 1988 - acquired by Kao Corporation (Japan); September 2002 - Jergens Company expanded into hair care, acquired John Frieda Professional Hair Care businesses.

1886 - David H. McConnell (28) founded California Perfume Company ; 1928 - line of Avon products introduced (tooth brush, talc, and a cleaner); named because McConnell's office view reminded him of Stratford-on-Avon countryside; September 1939 - company's name changed to Avon Products, Inc.

1904 - Francois Sporturno moved to Paris from Corsica, changed last name to Coty (variation on mother's maiden name); launched first fragrance, La Rsoe Jacquerinot, in bottle designed by Baccarat; 1908 - opened exclusive shop at 33 Place Vendome; commissioned jeweler, Rene Lalique, to design fragrance bottles; 1914 - introduced face powders, scented body powder; created new category of fragrance beauty products scented with aroma of existing perfume.

October 8, 1906 - A German, Karl Ludwig Nessler, demonstrated the first "permanent wave" for hair, in his beauty salon in Oxford Street, London, to an invited audience of hair stylists; hair was soaked with an alkaline solution and rolled on dozen brass curlers (metal rods each weighing 1-3/4 pounds) which were then heated strongly; took about 5 hours; he moved to the United States and opened salons in New York, Chicago, Detroit, Palm Beach and Philadelphia with a peak of 500 employees.

1907 - Eugène Schueller, French chemist, developed innovative hair-color formula; called it Auréole; formulated, manufactured his own products, sold to Parisian hairdressers; 1909 - registered company as L'Oreal (liked sound of name), "Société Française de Teintures Inoffensives pour Cheveux" ("Safe Hair Dye Company of France"); 1936 - invented the first sunscreen; March 17, 2006 - agreed to pay £652 million to acquire ethical cosmetics company, The Body Shop.

1908 - Max Factor (born Max Faktor in Poland) moved to Los Angeles; 1914 - created make-up specifically for movie-actors (vs. theatrical make-up), would not crack or cake; 1920s - introduced cosmetics to the public; June 18, 1940 - MAX FACTOR trademark for perfumes, make-up and shampoo registered.

1913 - Mario Prada founded Fratelli Prada ("Prada Brothers), Prada, SpA; designed, sold handbags, shoes, trunks, suitcases though two boutiques in Milan; 1978 - Miuccia Prada (granddaughter) inherited what was still a leather goods business from her mother, led company's expansion into couture; early 1990s - acquired financially floundering Rome-based house of Fendi (sold to LVMH).

November 4, 1914 - The first fashion show, organized by Edna Woodman Chase of "Vogue" magazine, was held at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in New York City.

1921 - Guccio Gucci (formerly of London's Savoy Hotel) opened leather-goods company, small luggage store in Florence; 1950's - green-red-green web (derived from saddle girth) became brand identifier; 1953 - sons take over (Aldo, Vasco, Ugo, rodolfo); end of 1960's - interlocking double 'G' logo introduced; 1982 - Maurizio Gucci (Rodolfo's son) owned 50% of company; 1984 - Domenic De Sole named President of Gucci America; late 1980's - Bahrain-based Investcorp acquired 50% of company from Aldo Gucci and descendants; 1994 - Tom Ford became creative director; 1995 - De Sole named CEO; 1999 - entered strategic alliance with Pinault-Printemps-Redoute, became multi-brand group; 2004 - De Sole, Ford resign.

May 5, 1921 - Chanel No. 5 perfume was launched.

March 1, 1932 - Charles and Joseph Revson, along with chemist, Charles Lachman (contributed the "L" in the REVLON name), founded Revlon; pooled their resources, developed unique manufacturing process (used pigments instead of dyes) for single product - nail enamel; offered to women a rich-looking, opaque nail enamel in wide variety of shades never before available; sold to beauty salons; 1937 - sold through department stores, selected drugstores; 1938 - company became multimillion dollar organization; 1941 - virtual monopoly on beauty salon sales; 1973 - Charlie® fragrance introduced; designed for a young, working woman market (1977 - sales passed $1 billion mark); 1985 - acquired by subsidiary of MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings.

March 25, 1937 - The first perfumed ad appeared in the Washington, DC "Daily News".

October 24, 1939 - Nylon (first man-made fibre made exclusively from mineral sources - strong, elastic, moth-proof and did not absorb moisture) stockings were sold publicly for the first time to employees at DuPont's Wilmington, Delaware nylon factory; company specifically intended to compete with silk in the women's hosiery market (eventually replaced silk stockings); May 15, 1940 - nationwide sales began.

June 18, 1940 - Max Factor & Co. registered "Max Factor" trademark.

July 5, 1946 - The bikini, first two-piece bathing suit, made its debut during an outdoor fashion show at the Piscine Molitor, a popular swimming pool in Paris; designed by Louis Reard,  named after South Pacific atoll where the atomic bomb was being tested in World War II; invented by another Parisian, Jacques Heim. modeled by Parisian showgirl Micheline Bernardini, an exotic dancer at the Casino de Paris, who had no qualms about appearing nearly nude in public. Two French designers, Jacques Heim and Louis Reard, developed competing prototypes of the bikini. Heim called his the "atom" and advertised it as "the world's smallest bathing suit." Reard's swimsuit, which was basically a bra top and two inverted triangles of cloth connected by string, was in fact significantly smaller. Made out of a scant 30 inches of fabric, Reard promoted his creation as "smaller than the world's smallest bathing suit." Reard's business soared, and in advertisements he kept the bikini mystique alive by declaring that a two-piece suit wasn't a genuine bikini "unless it could be pulled through a wedding ring.

December 10, 1946 - Toni, Incorporated (St. Paul, MN) registered Toni trademark (non-electrical hair curlers, not made of precious metal).

1950 - Pierre Cardin opened fashion house on Rue Richepanse; 1953 - presented first collection; 1954 - introduced "bubble dresses"; opened first boutiques in Paris: EVE, then ADAM; 1959 - first time collection of ready-to-wear for women at Printemps department store in Paris; 1961 - started distribution of ready-to-wear and accessories for men; 1963 - same for women; 1979 - first foreign couturier to present collection in China; 1986 - signed contract with USSR for local production of ready-to-wear for men, women children.

1950 - Hazel Gladys Bishop established Hazel Bishop, Inc. to manufacture "Lasting Lipstick"; enlisted help of advertising professional Raymond Spector; introduced non-smear ("stays on you not on him") kissproof lipstick (stayed on the lips longer than any other product then available) for $1 per tube; 1951 - Spector partner forced her out of the $10 million company she created.

1954 - Jacques Courtin founded Clarins to produce luxury skin-care products, makeup made primarily from plant extracts; named after character he played in a school play; 2006 - $1.2 billion in sales.

1965 - Luciano, Gilberto, Carlo, Giuliana  Benetton founded Benetton Group.

September 1982 - Kenneth Cole incorporated Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc.; debut collection of ladies' footwear (followed in father's footsteps, former senior executive of El Greco, Inc., shoe manufacturing, design company, manufactured CANDIES women's shoes) from  40-foot trailer truck parked on 6th Avenue, across from shoe industry trade show HQ at New York Hilton; sold 40,000 pairs of shoes (entire stock) in two and a half days; 1984 - first public service campaign (AIDS Research); 1985,1994 - sales of $84.9 million; opened Bloomingdale's Manhattan flagship concept shop; 1996 - operated 17 retail stores in United States, store in Amsterdam, Singapore; 2005 - sales at record level of $518 million; products sold in more than 7,500 department, specialty stores, through Consumer Direct business (more than 80 retail, outlet stores, consumer catalogs, interactive websites).

1985 - Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana founded Dolce & Gabbana, leading international luxury goods groups; 2005 - annual sales of 1,151.3 million euros; December 2006 - over 3,000 employees, retail network of 87 stores, 11 factory outlets.

1987 - Joseph Abboud founded JA Apparel Corp; owns Joseph Abboud brand name; menswear label has grown into a $150 million worldwide wholesaler, retailer, and licensor of men?s clothing, accessories, and home furnishings; 2000 - sold for $65 million to RCS MediaGroup.

July 15, 1997 - Fashion designer Gianni Versace was shot to death outside his home in Miami; suspected gunman Andrew Phillip Cunanan was found dead eight days later.

March 17, 2006 - The Body Shop agreed to $1.2 billion takeover by the French cosmetics firm L'Oréal; 1976 - started in Brighton, UK as ethical alternative to traditional approach to cosmetics; 2,085 branches worldwide, 304 in UK.

March 12, 2007 - The Weinstein Company and Hilco Consumer Capital announced that they had acquired Halston (brokered by Jimmy Choo) from Neema Clothing for an undisclosed amount.

(JA Apparel Corp.), Jospeh Abboud with Ellen Stern (2004). Threads: My Life Behind the Seams in the High-Stakes World of Fashion. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 256 p.). Founder. Abboud, Joseph; Fashion designers--United States--Biography. 

(Alberto-Culver Co.), Leonard H. Lavin with Daniel Paisner (2003). Winners Make It Happen: Reflections of a Self-Made Man. (Chicago, IL: Bonus Books, 238 p.). Founding President, CEO, Chairman of Alberto-Culver Corporation. Lavin, Leonard H.; Alberto-Culver Co.--History; Businessmen--United States--Biography; Toilet preparations industry--United States--History. 

(Elizabeth Arden), Nancy Shuker (1989). Elizabeth Arden: Cosmetics Entrepreneur. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett, 112 p.). Arden, Elizabeth, 1878-1966; Businesswomen--United States--Biography; Cosmetics industry--United States--History.

(Avon), Sonny Kleinfield (1986). Staying at the Top: The Life of a CEO. (New York, NY: New American Library, 298 p.). Reporter (New York Times). Waldron, Hicks; Avon Products, inc.; Directors of corporations--United States--Biography; Chief executive officers--United States--Biography.

(Avon), Laura Klepacki (2005). Avon :Building The World's Premier Company For Women. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 264 p.). Former Mass-Market Beauty Editor (Women's Wear Daily). Avon Products, Inc. 

(Beene), Brenda Cullerton; foreword by Richard Martin and Harold Koda (1995). Geoffrey Beene. (New York, NY: H. N. Abrams, 141 p.). Beene, Geoffrey; Fashion designers--United States--Biography; Costume design--United States--History--20th century.

(Benetton), a cura di Giuseppe Nardin; con un saggio introduttivo di Raffaele Gaeta (1987). La Benetton: Strategia e Struttura di un'Impresa di Successo. (Roma, IT: Edizioni Lavoro, 138 p.). Benetton (Firm); Textile industry--Italy.

(Benetton), Luciano Benetton con Andrea Lee (1990). Io e i Miei Fratelli. (Milano, IT: Sperling & Kupfer, 305 p.). Benetton (Firm); Clothing trade--Italy; Clothing trade; Retail trade--Italy.

(Benetton), Sergio Saviane (1998). Il Miliardario: La Vita Segreta di Luciano Benetton. (Venezia, IT: Marsilio, 171 p.). Benetton, Luciano, 1935- ; Clothing trade--Italy. Industrialist and co-founder with his 3 brothers of the clothing and textile company of Treviso (Veneto).

(Benetton), Jonathan Mantle (1999). Benetton: The Family, the Business and the Brand. (London, UK: Little, Brown, 337 p.). Benetton (Firm) -- History. 

(Benetton), Giorgio Brunetti, Paolo Bortoluzzi (2004). Benetton: Da United Colors a Edizione Holding. (Torino, Italy: ISEDI: UTET, 256 p.). Benetton (Firm); Clothing trade--Italy.

(Blass - from Indiana), Bill Blass(2002). Bare Blass. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 181 p.). Blass, Bill; Fashion designers--United States--Biography; Costume design--United States--History--20th century.

(Cardin Pierre), Valerie Mendes (1990). Pierre Cardin: Past, Present, Future (London, UK: 3Nishen Publishing, 192 p.). Cardin, Pierre; Haute Couture--France.

(Oleg Cassini), Oleg Cassini (1987). In My Own Fashion: An Autobiography. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 379 p.). Cassini, Oleg, 1913- ; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Chanel), Marcel Haedrich; Translated from the French by Charles Lam Markmann (1972). Coco Chanel; Her Life, Her Secrets. (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 277 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971.

(Chanel), Edmonde Charles-Roux (1981). Chanel and Her World. (London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 354 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Fashion designers--France--Biography; Women fashion designers--France--Biography; France--Social life and customs--20th century.

(Chanel), Axel Madsen (1990). Chanel: A Woman of Her Own. (New York, NY: Holt, 388 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Women fashion designers--France--Biography; Fashion designers--France--Biography.

(Chanel), Amy De La Haye, Shelley Tobin (1994). Chanel, The Couturiere at Work. (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 136 p.). Assistant Curator in the Textiles and Dress Collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum; Curator of Costumes for the National Trust in Devon, England. Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Fashion design--France--History--20th century.

(Chanel), Janet Wallach (1998). Chanel: Her Style and Her Life. (New York, NY: N. Talese, 180 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Costume design--France--History--20th century.

(Chanel), Henry Gidel (2000). Coco Chanel. (Paris, FR: Flammarion, 437 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Fashion designers--France--Biography; Women fashion designers--France--Biography; Costume design--France--History--20th century; Woman - Fashion - Biography.

(Kenneth Cole Productions), Kenneth Cole (2003). Footnotes: What You Stand For Is More Important Than What You Stand In. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 208 p.). Founder, Kenneth Cole Productions. Kenneth Cole Productions; Advertising--Fashion.

(Coty), Elisabeth Barille (1995). Coty: Parfumeur et Visionnaire. (Paris, FR: Editions Assouline, 180 p.). Coty, Francois, 1874-1934; Coty (Firm); Cosmetics industry--France--Biography.

(Dior - founded 1947), Christian Dior; Translated from the French by Antonia Fraser (1957). Christian Dior and I. (New York, NY: Dutton, 251 p.). Dior, Christian; Fashion designers--France--Paris. 

(Dior), Marie-France Pochna; translated from the French by Joanna Savill; foreword by Stanley Marcus (1996). Christian Dior: The Man Who Made the World Look New. (New York, NY: Arcade Pub., 314 p.). Dior, Christian; Fashion designers--France--Paris--Biography; Costume design--France--Paris--History--20th century.

(Dior), Esmeralda de Rethy, Jean-Louis Perreau (2001). Christian Dior: The Early Years, 1947-1957. (New York, NY: Vendome Press, 127 p.). Dior, Christian; Christian Dior, Inc.; Costume design--France--Paris--History--20th century; Fashion--France--Paris--History--20th century.

(Perry Ellis), Jonathan Moor (1988). Perry Ellis. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 247 p.). Ellis, Perry, 1940-1986; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Esther's Beauty Supply Company), Joseph Osborne (1994). Washing the Elephant: The Authorized Biography of Bettie Esther Parham. (Pittsburgh, PA: Dorrance, 175 p.). Parham, Bettie Esther; Esther's Beauty Supply Company; African American women executives -- Biography; African American businesspeople -- Biography; Businesswomen -- United States -- Biography; Hair preparations industry -- United States.

(Ferragamo), Salvatore Ferragamo (1972). Shoemaker of Dreams; The Autobiography of Salvatore Ferragamo. (New York, NY: Crown, 223 p. [orig. pub. 1957]). Ferragamo, Salvatore, 1898-1960; Shoemakers--Italy--Biography.

(Princess Galitzine), Irene Galitzine (1996). Dalla Russia alla Russia. (Milan, IT: Longanesi, 320 p.). Galitzine, Irene; Fashion--Italy--Rome--History--20th century; Fashion designers--Italy--Biography.

(Giorgio Inc.), Steve Ginsberg (1989). Reeking Havoc: The Unauthorized Story of Giorgio. (New York, NY: Warner Books, 262 p.). Giorgio, Inc.; Perfumes industry--United States.

(Gucci - Founded 1920), Gerald McKnight (1987). Gucci: A House Divided. (New York, NY: D. I. Fine, 362 p.). Gucci (Firm);  Clothing trade--Italy; Clothing trade.

(Gucci), Sarah Gay Forden (2000). The House of Gucci: A Sensational Story of Murder, Madness, Glamour, and Greed (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 351 p.). Gucci, Maurizio, 1948-1995; Gucci (Firm); Businessmen--Italy--Biography; Clothing trade--Italy; Trials (Murder)--Italy.

(Gucci), Tom Ford, Bridget Foley (2004). Tom Ford. (New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 304 p.). Former Creative Director (Gucci, Yves Saint Laurent). Ford, Tom; Gucci; Yves Saint Laurent; Arts & Photography; Fashion Design. 

(Gucci), Sarah Mower (2006). Gucci by Gucci. (New York, NY: Vendome Press, 456 p.). Fashion Journalist; Contributing Editor to Vogue and Style.com. Gucci (Firm)--History; Fashion design--Italy--History--20th century. Story of the brand, since 1921 inception in Florence, Italy; history of Florentine family-owned saddler that has imprinted its name on fashion consciousness; history of company, glorious visual exploration of its far-reaching influence.

(Guerlain), Colette Fellous (1987). Guerlain. (Paris, FR: Denoel, 160 p.). Guerlain (History), Perfumes Industry (France) - History.

(Guess Inc.), Christopher Byron (1992). Skin Tight: The Bizarre Story of Guess v. Jordache--Glamour, Greed, and Dirty Tricks in the Fashion Industry. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 364 p.). Guess (Firm)--Trials, litigation, etc.; Jordache (Firm)--Trials, litigation, etc.; Trials (Fraud)--California--Los Angeles; Clothing trade--Corrupt practices--United States.

(Haggar), Joy G. Spiegel (1978). That Haggar Man: A Biographical Portrait. (New York, NY: Random House, 149 p.). Haggar, J. M., 1892- ; Businessmen -- United States -- Biography; Men's clothing industry -- United States -- History.

(Haggar), Ed R. Haggar (2001). "Big Ed" and the Haggar Family: Behind an Apparel Giant. (Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 207 p.). Haggar Corporation--History; Men's clothing industry--Texas--History; Clothing trade--Texas--History; Businessmen--Texas--Biography.

(Halston), Steven Gaines (1991). Simply Halston: The Untold Story. (New York, NY: Putnam, 320 p.). Halston, 1932-1990; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Halston), Elaine Gross & Fred Rottman (1999). Halston: An American Original. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 236 p.). Halston, 1932-1990; Fashion designers--United States--Biography; Costume design--United States--History--20th century.

(Harper Method), Jane R. Plitt (2000). Martha Matilda Harper and the American Dream: How One Woman Changed the Face of Modern Business. (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 184 p.). Visiting Scholar (University of Rochester). Harper, Martha Matilda--Biography; Businesswomen--United States--Biography; Beauty shop supplies industry--Management. 

(Calvin Klein), Steven Gaines and Sharon Churcher (1994). Obsession: The Lives and Times of Calvin Klein. (New York, NY: Carol Publishing Group, 414 p.). Klein, Calvin, 1942- ; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Calvin Klein), Lisa Marsh (2003). The House of Klein: Fashion, Controversy, and a Business Obsession. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 232 p.). Fashion Reporter (New York Post). Klein, Calvin, 1942- ; Calvin Klein, Inc.; Fashion designers United States Biography; Costume design United States History 20th century. 

(Jergens), Paul F. Erwin (1965). With Lotions of Love. (Cincinnati, OH: Author, 107 p.). Jergens (Andrew) Company.

(Koscot Interplanetary), John Frasca (1972). The Unstoppable Glenn Turner. (Orlando, FL: Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, 218 p.). Turner, Glenn, 1935- ; Success in business.

(Koscot Interplanetary), Glenn W. Turner (1994). Turner, Turner, Turner: The King of Network Marketing. (Orlando, FL: Glen W. Turner Enterprises, 330 p.). Turner, Glen W.; Koscot Interplanetary; cosmetics industry--United States.

(Karl Lagerfeld), Alicia Drake (2006). The Beautiful Fall: Lagerfeld, Saint Laurent, and Glorious Excess in 1970s Paris. (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 437 p.). Former Contributing Editor (W, Paris Vogue). Lagerfeld, Karl; Saint Laurent, Yves; haute couture; Paris -- 1970s. Bitter rivalry between (German-born) Lagerfeld and (Algerian-born) Saint Laurent.

(Estee Lauder), Lee Israel (1985). Estée Lauder: Beyond the Magic: An Unauthorized Biography (New York, NY: Macmillan, 186 p.). Lauder, Estée; Cosmetics industry--United States--Biography.

(Estee Lauder ), Estee Lauder (1985). Estée: A Success Story. (New York, NY: Random House, 222 p.). Founder, Estee Lauder, Inc. Lauder, Estée; Estée Lauder, Inc.--History; Perfumes industry--United States; Cosmetics industry--United States; Businesswomen--United States--Biography.

(L'Oréal), Michael Bar-Zohar (1996). Bitter Scent: The Case of L'Oreal, Nazis and the Arab Boycott. (New York, NY: Dutton, 264 p.). L'Oréal (Firm)--History;. 

(L'Oréal), François Dalle (2001). L'Aventure L'Oréal. (Paris, FR: Jacob, 395 p.). Former CEO (1957-1984). Dalle, François, 1918- ; L'Oréal (Firm)--Officials and employees--Biography; Toilet preparations industry--France--History--20th century.

(L'Oréal), Bruno Abescat (2002). La Saga des Bettancourt: L'Oréal, Une Fortune Française. (Paris, FR: Plon, 279 p.). Bettencourt, André; Bettencourt, Liliane; L'Oréal (Firm)--History; Businessmen--France--Biography; Business enterprises--France--History--20th century.

(Luxottica), Giorgio Brunetti, Arnaldo Camuffo; con un’intervista a Leonardo del Vecchio (2000). Del Vecchio e Luxottica: Come si diventa leader mondiali. (Torino, Italy: UTET, 295 p.). Del Vecchio, Leonardo; Luxottica (Firm)--Management; Businessmen--Italy--Biography; Entrepreneurship--Italy--Case studies; Optical trade--Italy.

(LVMH - LV founded 1854 by Louis Vuitton; MH founded1743 by Claude Moet), Claude Vincent, Philippe Monnin (1990). Guerre du Luxe: l'Affaire LVMH. (Paris, FR: Editions F. Bourin, 211 p.). Louis Vuitton Moët-Hennessy (Firm); Consolidation and merger of corporations--France; Conglomerate corporations--France.

(LVMH), Nadège Forestier, Nazanine Ravaï. (1990). Bernard Arnault, Ou, Le Goût Du Pouvoir (a Taste of Power) (Paris, FR: O. Orban, 303 p.). Arnault, Bernard, 1949- ; Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy (Firm)--Management; Executives--France.

(LVMH), Airy Routier (2003). L'Ange Exterminateur: La Vraie Vie de Bernard Arnault. (Paris, FR: Albin Michel, 422 p.). Arnault, Bernard, 1949- ; Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy (Firm)--Management--History; Executives--France--Biography.

(Marilyn Miglin Institute), Marilyn Miglin (2002). Best Face Forward. (Louisville, KY: Chicago Spectrum Press, 301 p.). Miglin, Marilyn; Businesswomen--Illinois--Chicago--Biography; Cosmetics industry--Illinois--Chicago--Biography.

(Mary Kay Cosmetics), Mary Kay Ash (1986). Mary Kay (New York, NY: Perennial, 200 p. [rev. ed.]). Founder, Mary Kay Cosmetics. Ash, Mary Kay; Mary Kay Cosmetics; Cosmetics industry--United States--Biography. Selling; Biography; Entrepreneur; Beauty, Personal; Women- owned business enterprises.

(Mary Kay Cosmetics), Mary Kay Ash (1995). Mary Kay, You Can Have It All: Lifetime Wisdom from America's Foremost Woman Entrepreneur. (Rocklin, CA: Prima Pub., 258 p.). Success in business; Success; Businesswomen.

(M&M Products Company), Cornell McBride (2006). A Cut Above: How Cornell McBride Made Millions in the Hair Biz. (Lithonia, GA: MRL Pub., 252 p.). Hair preparations industry -- United States. Invented Sta Sof Fro, one of the most famous hair-care products in history.

(Occitane), Pierre Magnan; translated from the French by Richard Seaver (2003). The Essence of Provence: The Story of L'Occitane. (New York, NY: Arcade Pub., 135 p.). Occitane (Firm)--History; Cosmetics industry--France--Provence-Côte d'Azur; Soap trade--France--Provence-Côte d'Azur. 

(Pinault Printemps Redoute), Pierre Daix (1998). François Pinault: Essai Biographique. (Paris, FR: Editions de Fallois, 257 p.). Pinault, François; Businessmen--France--Biography.

(Pinault Printemps Redoute), Caroline Monnot et Pierre-Angel Gay (1999). François Pinault Milliardaire, ou, Les Secrets d'Une Incroyable Fortune. (Paris, FR: Balland, 238 P.). Pinault, François; Businesspeople--France--Biography; Capitalists and financiers--France--Biography; Millionaires--France--Biography.

(Pinault Printemps Redoute), Jean Bothorel (2003). François Pinault: Une Enfance Bretonne. (Paris, FR: Laffont, 153 p.). Pinault, François; Businessmen--France--Biography.

(Polo), Jeffrey A.Trachtenberg (1988). Ralph Lauren: The Man Behind the Mystique (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 302 p.). Lauren, Ralph; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Polo), Colin McDowell (2001). Ralph Lauren: The Man, the Vision, the Style. (London, UK: Cassell, 203 p.). Lauren, Ralph; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Polo), Michael Gross (2003). Genuine Authentic: The Real Life of Ralph Lauren. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 392 p.). Lauren, Ralph; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Revlon), Andrew Tobias (1976). Fire and Ice: The Story of Charles Revson the Man Who Built the Revlon Empire (New York, NY: Morrow, 282 p.). Revson, Charles, 1906-1975; Revlon, inc.; Cosmetics industry--United States--History.

(Revlon), Richard Hack (1996). When Money Is King: How Revlon's Ron Perelman Mastered the World of Finance to Create One of America's Greatest Business Empires, and Found Glamour, Beauty, and the High Life in the Bargain (Beverly Hills, CA: Dove Books, 285 p.). Perelman, Ronald; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography; Millionaires--United States--Biography.

(Helena Rubinstein), Patrick O'Higgins (1971). Madame; An Intimate Biography of Helena Rubinstein. (New York, NY: Viking, 296 p.). Rubinstein, Helena, 1870-1965.

(Helena Rubinstein), Lindy Woodhead (2004). War Paint: Madame Helena Rubinstein and Miss Elizabeth Arden: Their Lives, Their Times, Their Rivalry. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 492 p.). Former Journalist, Fashion PR Executive. Rubinstein, Helena, 1870-1965; Arden, Elizabeth, 1878-1966; Businesswomen--United States--Biography; Cosmetics industry--United States--History; Beauty culture--United States--History. 

(Tony & Guy), Guy Mascolo (2003). The Birth of Toni & Guy. (Tenterden, UK: Circular Sounds, 160 p.). Co-Founder. Mascolo. Family; Toni & Guy. Firm; Beauty operators. Great Britain. Biography. 

(von Furstenberg), Diane von Furstenberg, with Linda Bird Francke (1998). Diane: A Signature Life. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 237 p.). Von Furstenberg, Diane; Women fashion designers--United States--Biography. 

(Louis Vuitton - 1854 house of Louis Vuitton founded as a trunk-maker), Stéphanie Bonvicini (2004). Louis Vuitton: Une Saga Française. (Paris, FR: Fayard, 363 p.). Vuitton, Louis, 1821-1892; Vuitton family; Louis Vuitton (Firm)--History; Louis Vuitton Moët-Hennessy (Firm)--History; Luxury goods industry--France--History; Luggage industry--France--History.

(Louis Vuitton), Paul-Gérard Pasols; translated from the French by Lenora Ammon (2005). Louis Vuitton: The Birth of Modern Luxury. (New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 616 p.). Former Director of Communications for Louis Vuitton. Vuitton, Louis, 1821-1892; Louis Vuitton (Firm)--History; Luggage--Design--History; Trunks (Luggage)--History. Remarkable history of the House of Vuitton.

(Louis Vuitton Japan), Kyojiro Hata (2004). The Building of Luxury: The Visionary Genius Behind Louis Vuitton Japan. (New York, NY: Assouline, 128 p.). Director of Louis Vuitton Japan. Vuitton, Louis; luxury goods; turnarounds. 

(Madam C. J.  Walker Manufacturing Co.), A'Lelia Bundles (2001). On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C.J. Walker. (New York, NY: Scribner, 415 p.). Great-great Granddaughter. Walker, C. J., Madam, 1867-1919; Afro-American women executives--Biography; Cosmetics industry--United States--History.  

(Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Co.), Beverly Lowry (2003). Her Dream of Dreams: The Rise and Triumph of Madam C. J. Walker. (New York, NY: Knopf, 481 p.). Head of Creative Non-Fiction Program (George Mason University). Walker, C. J., Madam, 1867-1919; African American women executives--Biography; Cosmetics industry--United States--History. 

(YSL), Axel Madsen (1979). Living for Design: The Yves Saint Laurent Story. (New York, NY: Delacorte Press, 246 p.). Saint Laurent, Yves; Fashion designers--France--Biography.

(YSL), Yves Saint Larent ; dessins d'Yves Saint Laurent; préface de Bernard-Henri Lévy; commentaires d'Hélène de Turckheim (1986). Yves Saint Laurent. (Paris, FR: Musée des arts de la mode, 221 p.). Saint Laurent, Yves; Costume designers -- France -- Biography; Costume design -- France -- History -- 20th century.

(YSL), Laurence Benaïm (1993). Yves Saint Laurent. (Paris, FR: B. Grasset, 475 p.). Saint Laurent, Yves; Fashion designers--France--Biography. 

(YSL), Alice Rawsthorn (1996). Yves Saint Laurent: A Biography. (New York, NY: Nan A. Talese, 405 p.). Correspondent, Financial Times. Saint Laurent, Yves; Fashion designers--France--Biography; Fashion design--France--History--20th century. 

(Zara), Cecilia Monllor (2001). Zarapolis: La Historia Secreta de un Imperio de la Moda. (Barcelona, Spain: Ediciones del Bronce, 287 p.). Ortega Gaona, Amancio, 1936- ; Zara (Firm)--History; Fashion merchandising--Spain.

Frederick H. Abernathy, John T. Dunlop, Janice H. Hammond and David Weill (1999). A Stitch in Time: Lean Retailing and the Transformation of Manufacturing : Lessons from the Apparel and Textile Industries
 . (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 368 p.). Clothing trade--United States--Management; Manufacturing industries--United States--Management--Data processing; Retail trade--United States--Management; Just-in-time systems; Organizational change; Manufacturing industries--Management; Textile industry--United States--Management.

Teri Agins (1999). The End of Fashion: The Mass Marketing of the Clothing Business. (New York, NY: Morrow, 319 p.). Reporter, Wall Street Journal. Clothing trade; Clothing and dress--Marketing. 

Carole Conover (1978). Cover Girls: The Story of Harry Conover (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 224 p.). Conover, Harry, 1912- ; Models (Persons) -- United States; Businessmen -- United States -- Biography.

Irene Daria (1990). The Fashion Cycle: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at a Year with Bill Blass, Liz Claiborne, Donna Karan, Arnold Scaasi, and Adrienne Vittadini. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 240 p.). Costume design--United States; Costume designers--United States.

Simon Doonan (1998). Confessions of a Window Dresser: Tales from a Life in Fashion. (New York, NY: Penguin Studio, 239 p.). Barney's "doyen of display". Doonan, Simon, 1952- ; Window dressers--Great Britain--Biography.

Stuart Ewen and Elizabeth Ewen (1982). Channels of Desire: Mass Images and the Shaping of American Consciousness. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 312 p.). Fashion History, Advertising, Consumers.

Carole Collier Frick (2002). Dressing Renaissance Florence: Families, Fortunes, & Fine Clothing. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 347 p.). Associate Professor of History (Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville). Clothing trade--Italy--Florence--History--To 1500; Tailoring--Italy--Florence--History--To 1500; Costume--Italy--Florence--History--15th century; Florence (Italy)--Social life and customs. 

Susannah Handley (1999). Nylon: The Story of a Fashion Revolution: A Celebration of Design from Art Silk to Nylon and Thinking Fibres. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 192 p.). Clothing trade--History--20th century; Fashion--History--20th century; Synthetic fabrics; Nylon. 

Beth Harris (2005). Famine and Fashion: Needlewomen in the Nineteenth Century. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 252 p.). Women dressmakers--History--19th century; Dressmaking--History--19th century; Fashion--History--19th century.

Daniel Delis Hill (2004). As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising. (Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press, 226 p.). Vogue; Advertising--Fashion--United States--History--20th century; Fashion--United States--History--20th century; Costume--United States--History--20th century; Dress accessories--United States--History--20th century. 

Robert O'Byrne (2000). After a Fashion: A History of the Irish Fashion Industry. (Dublin, IR: Town House and Country House, 180 p.). Fashion design--Ireland--History; Fashion--Ireland--History; Fashion designers--Ireland--History.

Kathy Lee Peiss (1999). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Culture. (New York, NY: Holt, 334 p.). Beauty culture--United States--History; Cosmetics--United States--History. Masks and faces -- Women who painted -- Beauty culture and women's commerce -- The rise of the mass market -- Promoting the made-up woman -- Everyday cosmetic practices -- Shades of difference -- Identity and the market.

Teresa Riordan (2004). Inventing Beauty: A History of the Innovations That Have Made Us Beautiful. (New York, NY: Broadway Books, 307 p.). Technology Columnist (New York Times). Beauty, Personal--History; Beauty culture--History; Cosmetics--History; Clothing and dress--History. 

Rob Schorman (2003). Selling Style: Clothing and Social Change at the Turn of the Century. (Philadelphia, PA: PENN/University of Pennsylvania Press,, 212 p.). Fashion merchandising--United States--History--19th century; Clothing trade--United States--History--19th century; Social change--United States--History--19th century.

ed. Philip Scranton (2000). Beauty and Business: Commerce, Gender, and Culture in Modern America. (New York, NY: Routledge, 340 p.). Beauty, Personal--United States--History; Clothing trade--United States--History; Fashion--United States--History; United States--Commerce--History.

Susan Mosher Stuard (2006). Gilding the Market: Luxury and Fashion in Fourteenth-Century Italy. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 344 p.). Professor of History Emeritus (Haverford College). Luxury goods industry--Italy--History--To 1500; Luxuries--Italy--History--To 1500; Clothing and dress--Italy--History--Medieval, 500-1500; Fashion--Italy--History--To 1500; Consumption (Economics)--Italy--History--To 1500; Italy--Economic conditions. Arrival of fashion in European history. 

Mark Tungate (2005). Fashion Brands: Branding Style from Armani to Zara. (Sterling, VA: Kogan Page, 243 p.). Fashion merchandising; Brand name products; Advertising--Fashion. 

Rachel C. Weingarten (2006). Hello, Gorgeous!: Beauty Products in America, 40s-60s. (Portland, OR: Collectors Press, 176 p.). President, GTK Marketing Group. Beauty culture--United States--History--20th century; Beauty, Personal--United States--History--20th century; Cosmetics--United States--History--20th century. Products that became staples for generations of women, set standard for innovations in industry.

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Business History Links

Benetton Advertising History http://www.museedelapub.org/pubgb/virt/mp/benetton/ pub_benetton.html                                                                      Luciano Benetton: "The purpose of advertising is not to sell more. It's to do with institutional publicity, whose aim is to communicate the company's values (...) We need to convey a single strong image, which can be shared anywhere in the world." Oliviero Toscani pursues this: "I am not here to sell pullovers, but to promote an image"... Benetton's advertising draws public attention to universal themes like racial integration, the protection of the environment, Aids...

International Perfume Museum  http://www.museesdegrasse.com/                    International Perfume Museum's exceptional collections retrace the history of perfumes, and also that of soap, and make-up and cosmetics, over 4,000 years.

Perfume Museum of Barcelona http://www.museudelperfum.com/                                       The Perfume Museum of Barcelona, installed in the Paseo de Gracia 39, it was inaugurated in 1963 in order to show the perfume vessels and containers evolution.