Interesting Dates

1743 - Claude Moet shipped Champagne to Paris from Epernay for first time; Jean-Rémy Moët (grandson) expanded business; 1832 - handed business to his son, Victor Moët, and son-in-law, Pierre-Gabriel Chandon de Briailles; name changed to Moët & Chandon; 1971 - merged with Hennessy Cognac; 1987 - merged with Louis Vuitton; renamed LVMH-Moët Hennessy.

April 12, 1799 - Phineas Pratt of Connecticut received the first US patent for a comb-cutting machine; 1759 - first commercial scale comb factory by Enoch Noyes of West Newbury, MA made combs from flattened animal horns; 1789 - Andrew Lord made first U.S. made ivory comb at Centerbrook, CT, cut the plate and teeth with a handsaw.

1828 - Pierre François Pascal Guerlain opened perfume store on 42, rue de Rivoli in Paris; 1853 -Eau de Cologne Impérial introduced, named His Majesty's Official Perfumer (France); 1925 - Shalimar introduced (named after garden in Srinagar, built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife); one of first perfumes to successfully incorporate large amounts of vanillin in its composition; 1994 - acquired by LVMH (world's largest luxury goods conglomerate).

1837 - Thierry Hermes founded saddlery company in Madeleine quarter of Paris; made harnesses, bridles, riding boots for carriage trade; over time added boots, jewelry, home decor items, and silk scarves; 1920 -grandson, Emile, added luggage; 1922 - Emile-Charles Hermes sold his interest in company to Emile-Maurice Hermes (brother); 1923 - created Hermès handbag, Bolide ('racing car'), sleek, modernist design incorporating new zip fastener (Emile-Maurice had bought 2-year zipper patent rights); 1930s - first Hermes store opened in its current Paris location; 1937 - started making silk headscarves scarf; all Hermes products inspired by horses, horse motifs; 1951 - sons-in-law, Robert Dumas (1905-1978) and Jean-Rene Guerrand (1901-1993), took over; added Hermes to their own surname; 1978 - Dumas's son took over (5th generation Chairman); 1984 - Birkin bag created (for actress Jane Birkin); 1999 - acquired 35-percent stake in Gaultier Couture (Jean-Paul Gaultier). majority of Hermes Group stock is in hands of Dumas, Guerrand, Puech families; 2007 - sales of €1,514.9m.

1854 - Louis Vuitton founded founded Louis Vuitton Malletier ("Louis Vuitton Trunk-Maker"), opened store in Paris on Rue Nueve des Capucines; created luggage, bags and accessories; sold flat-topped trunks that were lightweight and airtight, (bought by France's Empress Eugénie in its first year of sale); 1896 - introduced Monogram canvas (considered the first "designer logo); 1987 - merged with Moët et Chandon and Hennessy, leading manufacturers of champagne and of brandy, to form the world's largest luxury goods conglomerate.

1856 - Thomas Burberry (21), former apprentice to a country draper, opened an outfitters shop in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England; 1870 - became known as an emporium, increased development of outdoor wear for local residents and visiting sportsmen; 1880 - invented gabardine, breathable fabric, yarn waterproofed before weaving; 1888 - received patent on the fabric; 1901 - equestrian knight logo registered as a trademark; 1924 - Burberry Check (red, camel, black, white check - known as the 'Nova'), introduced as lining for wet weather attire, registered as a trademark. 

July 1, 1880 - Hairdresser Franz Ströher (26) established Franz Ströher-Rothenkirchen in the Saxon Vogtland for production, distribution of artificial hair; 1918 - renamed Franz Ströher OHG; 1927 - introduced Wella brand (production, distribution of perm machines, hair driers, hairdressers' equipment, salon furniture); 1950 - renamed Wella AG; introduced Koleston, first hair-conditioning cream tint; June 2, 1953 - registered "Wella" trademark first used December 2, 1931 (preparations for use in the treatment of hair); 2003 - acquired by Procter & Gamble.

April 5, 1882 - Andrew Jergens Sr., Charles H. Geilfus founded The Jergens Soap Company in Cincinnati, OH; original product coconut oil soap; 1894 - renamed Andrew Jergens & Co.; 1901 - incorporated as the Andrew Jergens Co.; acquired John H. Woodbury Company ("Woodbury Facial Soap"); acquired Robert Eastman Company, maker of creams and lotions; most superior formula eventually became original Jergens Lotion, soon to become the number one selling hand lotion in America; January 30, 1912 - registered "Jergens" trademark first used in 1890 (toilet soap); registered second "Jergens" trademark first used in 1893 (perfumes, toilet water, cold cream, face lotions, talcum powder, sachet powder, face powder and shampoo preparations); 1970 - acquired by American Brands for $100 million; 1988 - acquired by Kao Corporation (Japan); September 2002 - Jergens Company expanded into hair care, acquired John Frieda Professional Hair Care businesses.

1886 - David H. McConnell (28) founded California Perfume Company in single room at 126 Chambers St. in lower Manhattan; hired Persus Foster Eames Albee, former agent with McConnell at Union Publishing, as first sales woman (pioneered Avon's direct-selling); 1895 - built plant, research facility (quality, cost control) in Suffern, NY; 1906 - advertised products for first time; 1928 - introduced line of Avon products (tooth brush, talc, and a cleaner); named because McConnell's office view reminded him of Stratford-on-Avon countryside; August 16, 1932 - registered "Avon" trademark first used in September 1929 (shaving cream, shaving stick, toilet soap); August 30, 1932 - registered "Avon" trademark for perfumes, toilet waters, powder and rouge compacts, lipsticks, rouge, face powder, etc.; September 1939 - company's name changed to Avon Products, Inc.

1889 - Jeanne Lanvin (22) established millinery in rue du Faubourg Saint-Honore in Paris; 1908 - opened custom children's clothing department; oldest Paris fashion houses; 1909 - offered women's clothing; joined Syndicat de la couture, achieved formal status as Couture House; 1924 - opened Lanvin Parfums; 1925 - introduced Mon Peche ('My Sin') in U. S.; 1926 - launched men's clothing, women's sportswear, furs, accessories; 1927 - formed Jeanne Lanvin S.A, Lanvin Parfums S.A.; introduced Arpége perfume; April 21, 1931 - Lanvin Parfums Inc. registered "Arpege" trademark first used in June 1928 (perfume extract); June 5, 1934 - Lanvin Parfums Inc. registered "My Sin" trademark first used in 1923 (perfumes, toilet water, and talcum powder); 1946 - Marie-Blanche de Polignac (daughter) took over; 1982 - launched women's ready-to-wear; 1989 - acquired by Orcofi and L'Oreal; 1992 - couture collections discontinued; 2001 - acquired by Harmonie SA.

1904 - Francois Sporturno moved to Paris from Corsica, changed last name to Coty (variation on mother's maiden name); launched first fragrance, La Rsoe Jacquerinot, in bottle designed by Baccarat; 1908 - opened exclusive shop at 33 Place Vendome; commissioned jeweler, Rene Lalique, to design fragrance bottles; 1914 - introduced face powders, scented body powder; created new category of fragrance beauty products scented with aroma of existing perfume.

October 8, 1906 - A German, Karl Ludwig Nessler, demonstrated the first "permanent wave" for hair, in his beauty salon in Oxford Street, London, to an invited audience of hair stylists; hair was soaked with an alkaline solution and rolled on dozen brass curlers (metal rods each weighing 1-3/4 pounds) which were then heated strongly; took about 5 hours; he moved to the United States and opened salons in New York, Chicago, Detroit, Palm Beach and Philadelphia with a peak of 500 employees.

1907 - Eugène Schueller, French chemist, developed innovative hair-color formula; called it Auréole; formulated, manufactured his own products, sold to Parisian hairdressers; 1909 - registered company as L'Oreal (liked sound of name), "Société Française de Teintures Inoffensives pour Cheveux" ("Safe Hair Dye Company of France"); 1936 - invented the first sunscreen; March 17, 2006 - agreed to pay £652 million to acquire ethical cosmetics company, The Body Shop.

1908 - Max Factor (born Max Faktor in Poland) moved to Los Angeles; 1914 - created make-up specifically for movie-actors (vs. theatrical make-up), would not crack or cake; 1920s - introduced cosmetics to the public; November 12, 1929 - registered "MAX FACTOR'S SUM'R TAN COSMETICS OF THE STARS HOLLYWOOD" trademark first used March 30, 1929 (preparation for creating a suntanned complexion and for preventing sunburn and freckles); August 10, 1937 - registered "MAX FACTOR HOLLYWOOD" trademark first used November 1, 1928 (cosmetics, perfumes, theatrical make-up and similar preparations); June 18, 1940 - registered "MAX FACTOR" trademark first used June 1, 1917 (perfumes, make-up).

1910 - Angelo Zegna, watchmaker, opened wool mill (Lanificio Zegna) in Trivero, in the Alpine foothills near Biella; taken over by Ermenegildo Zegna (youngest of 10) to produce top quality textiles for men’s clothing by selecting finest raw materials, introducing product and process innovations, actively promoting brand; end of the 1930s - employed over 1,000 people; 1938 - exported to United States; 1960s - Angelo, Aldo (grandsons) took over management of Ermenegildo Zegna e Figli; made transition from exclusive production of fabrics to tailoring of high quality suits for men, internationalization of production; 1972 - launched Made to Measure business; 1980 - opened first mono brand store in Paris; 1999 - acquired Lanerie Agnona S.p.A.; 2002 - acquired Guida, owner of Longhi brand; set up a 50-50 joint venture (ZeFer) with Salvatore Ferragamo Group to develop global scale footwear, leather goods business; 2006 - fourth generation management, sales of 779.4 million euros.

1913 - Mario Prada founded Fratelli Prada ("Prada Brothers), Prada, SpA; designed, sold handbags, shoes, trunks, suitcases though two boutiques in Milan; 1978 - Miuccia Prada (granddaughter) inherited what was still a leather goods business from her mother, led company's expansion into couture; early 1990s - acquired financially floundering Rome-based house of Fendi (sold to LVMH).

1913 - T.L. Williams, a Chicago chemist, created Maybelline Mascara for his sisters; blended vaseline jelly with coal dust, concocted a lash -darkener; first mascara; 1915 - founded Maybelline Co. (named after his sister, Mabel, and Vaseline); began as mail-order product; magazine advertisements drove sales; 1917 - first compact mascara launched; 1920 - eyeshadow launched; 1930 - eyeliners introduced; February 17, 1942 - Maybelline Co. registered "Maybelline" trademark first used May 5, 1920 (mascara, eyebrow pencils, eye shadow, eyelash and eyebrow cream, eye drops); 1960s - introduced Ultra Lash, waterproof formula in tube dispenser, first mass-market automatic mascara; 1967 - acquired by Plough Inc.; 1970 - foundation, lip, nail lines introduced; 1971 - Great Lash launched; America’s #1 best -selling cosmetic product; 1990 - acquired by Wasserstein Perella; 1996 - acquired by L’Oréal.

November 4, 1914 - Edna Woodman Chase, "Vogue" magazine, organized first fashion show, at Ritz-Carlton Hotel in New York City.

1921 - Guccio Gucci (formerly of London's Savoy Hotel) opened leather-goods company, small luggage store in Florence; 1950's - green-red-green web (derived from saddle girth) became brand identifier; 1953 - sons take over (Aldo, Vasco, Ugo, Rodolfo); end of 1960's - interlocking double 'G' logo introduced; 1982 - Maurizio Gucci (Rodolfo's son) owned 50% of company; 1984 - Domenic De Sole named President of Gucci America; late 1987-89 - Bahrain-based Investcorp acquired 50% of company from Aldo Gucci and descendants; 1993 - Investcorp acquired remaining 50% of stock from Maurizio Gucci; 1994 - Tom Ford became creative director; 1995 - De Sole named CEO; 1999 - entered strategic alliance with Pinault-Printemps-Redoute (PPR), became multi-brand group; 34% Gucci Group shares acquired by LVMF; December 1999 - acquired Yves Saint Laurent, YSL Beaute; February 2001 - acquired 66.7% of Bottega Veneta (increased to 78.5% in July); July 2004 - fully acquired by PPR; De Sole, Ford resigned.

May 5, 1921 - Chanel No. 5 perfume launched.

1922 - Enid Bissett, partner with Ida Rosenthal in Enid Frocks, custom dress business on New York's West 57th Street, restructured boyish form bandeau to have two cups separated by center piece of elastic; William Rosenthal (husband) created garment shape to support natural contours of bust; named it Maiden Form (later Maidenform®) Brassiere; sold undergarment separately; 1923 - incorporated; 1925 - formed Enid Manufacturing Company, produced Maidenform® Brassiere exclusively; 1930 - name changed to Maiden Form Brassiere Company; April 24, 1934 - William Rosenthal, of New York, NY, received a patent for a "Brassiere" ("adapted to support the bust in a natural position"); assigned to Maiden Form Brassiere Co.; November 6, 1934 - received second patent for a "Brassiere"; assigned to Maiden Form Brassiere Co.; first intimate apparel company to advertise on buses, billboards, local window and store-counter card displays, radio; 1949 - first "I Dreamed" ad (featured women in their bras acting out fantasies of independence in public places; ran through 1969); September 4, 1951 - Maiden Form Brasserie Co., Inc. registered "Maidenform" trademark first used January 1, 1924 (brassieres, bandeaux, corsets, corselettes, panties, pantie-girdles, girdles, and garter belts); 1960 - company renamed Maidenform, Inc.; 1997 - filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection; 1999 - emerged fro, bankruptcy; Oaktree Capital Management, LLC majority owner.

1931 - Lawrence M. Gelb, New York chemist whose chemical manufacturing business fell victim to the Depression, found European product, hair dye, to sell in America; acquired distribution rights to European hair color preparation named Clairol (penetrated hair shaft, produced softer, more natural-looking tones); became foundation of family business; introduced Instant Clairol Oil Shampoo Tint to hair color to beauty salons; hair lightened, tinted, conditioned, shampooed in only one step, in only 20 minutes; April 18, 1933 - Friedrich Klein (of Berlin, Germany) registered "Clairol" trademark first used in January 1931 (pharmaceutical preparations-namely hair dyes and hair lotions); May 27, 1941 - Clairol, Incorporated registered "Clairol" trademark first used in January 1931 (hair tints, hair dye, hair washes, shampoo, and hair dye removers); 1950s - introduced Miss Clairol Hair Color Bath, home-use hair dye (easier to use, colors were better, effects lasted longer); launched home-coloring market; turned hair coloring from difficult-to-use specialty item into highly successful mainstream consumer product; 1959 - acquired by Bristol-Myers; 2001 - acquired by Procter & Gamble for $4.95 billion.

March 1, 1932 - Charles and Joseph Revson, along with chemist, Charles Lachman (contributed the "L" in the REVLON name), founded Revlon; pooled their resources, developed unique manufacturing process (used pigments instead of dyes) for single product - nail enamel; offered to women a rich-looking, opaque nail enamel in wide variety of shades never before available; sold to beauty salons; 1937 - sold through department stores, selected drugstores; 1938 - company became multimillion dollar organization; 1941 - virtual monopoly on beauty salon sales; June 18, 1957 - Revlon Inc. registered "Revlon" trademark first used May 17, 1950 (shampoo); 1973 - Charlie® fragrance introduced; designed for a young, working woman market (1977 - sales passed $1 billion mark); 1985 - acquired by subsidiary of MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings.

March 25, 1937 - The first perfumed ad appeared in the Washington, DC "Daily News".

April 6, 1937 - Bausch & Lomb introduced Ray-Ban to public, high-end manufacturer of sunglasses; aviator sunglasses commissioned in 1936 for pilot use by United States Air Force;  November 1, 1938 - registered 'Ray-Ban' trademark first used April 6, 1937 (goggles); 1999 - acquired by Luxotica Group.

October 24, 1939 - Nylon (first man-made fibre made exclusively from mineral sources - strong, elastic, moth-proof and did not absorb moisture) stockings were sold publicly for the first time to employees at DuPont's Wilmington, Delaware nylon factory; company specifically intended to compete with silk in the women's hosiery market (eventually replaced silk stockings); May 15, 1940 - nationwide sales began.

1945 - Master tailor Nazareno Fonticoli, fashion designer Gaetano Savini opened Brioni Atelier, suit shop, in Rome's central Via Barberini; company named "Brioni" after resort island on coast of Adriatic Sea; 1952 - first men's tailored clothing show at Palazzo Pitti; 1961 - began wholesale distribution in United States; 1990 - Umberto Angeloni became CEO; opened 23 boutiques in most prestigious cities, resorts in world, “hubs” for International Jet Set; expanded line into women’s haute-couture fashion; 2000 - sales of $150 million, eight hand-production factories, diverse product line.

September 11, 1945 - Toni, Incorporated (St. Paul, MN) registered "Toni" trademark first used August 1, 1944 (home permanent waving kit).

July 5, 1946 - The bikini, first two-piece bathing suit, made  debut during an outdoor fashion show at the Piscine Molitor, a popular swimming pool in Paris; designed by Louis Reard,  named after South Pacific atoll where the atomic bomb was being tested in World War II; invented by another Parisian, Jacques Heim. modeled by Parisian showgirl Micheline Bernardini, an exotic dancer at the Casino de Paris, who had no qualms about appearing nearly nude in public. Two French designers, Jacques Heim and Louis Reard, developed competing prototypes of the bikini. Heim called his the "atom" and advertised it as "the world's smallest bathing suit." Reard's swimsuit, which was basically a bra top and two inverted triangles of cloth connected by string, was in fact significantly smaller. Made out of a scant 30 inches of fabric, Reard promoted his creation as "smaller than the world's smallest bathing suit." Reard's business soared, and in advertisements he kept the bikini mystique alive by declaring that a two-piece suit wasn't a genuine bikini "unless it could be pulled through a wedding ring.

1949 - Charles Evans (salesman in aunt's clothing store), Joseph Picone (father's tailor) formed Evan-Picone partnership to create sample from designs of fly-fronts on women's skirts (believed they would work as well as on men's trousers); became successful manufacturer of women's sportswear; 1962 - acquired by Revlon.

1950 - Pierre Cardin opened fashion house on Rue Richepanse; 1953 - presented first collection; 1954 - introduced "bubble dresses"; opened first boutiques in Paris: EVE, then ADAM; 1959 - first time collection of ready-to-wear for women at Printemps department store in Paris; 1961 - started distribution of ready-to-wear and accessories for men; 1963 - same for women; 1979 - first foreign couturier to present collection in China; 1986 - signed contract with USSR for local production of ready-to-wear for men, women children.

1950 - Hazel Gladys Bishop established Hazel Bishop, Inc. to manufacture "Lasting Lipstick"; enlisted help of advertising professional Raymond Spector; introduced non-smear ("stays on you not on him") kissproof lipstick (stayed on the lips longer than any other product then available) for $1 per tube; 1951 - Spector partner forced her out of the $10 million company she created.

1950s - Los Angeles-based chemist named Alberto introduced Alberto VO5 Conditioning Hairdressing (five organic emollients) to rejuvenate hair of Hollywood movie stars damaged by beaming studio lights; Blaine Culver, business partner, started beauty products company; acquired by Leonard (36) and Bernice Lavin for $40,000; renamed Albert-Culver Co.; discontinued all products but VO5; February 25, 1958 - Lobco, Inc. (dba Alberto-Culver Co.) registered "Alberto VO5" trademark first used in January 1939 (preparation used as a hair dressing and as a hair scalp conditioner); became number one brand in its category; 1961 - went public; 1969 - acquired Sally Beauty Company, Inc.; 1972 - persuaded television networks to abandon policies of only selling 60-second commercial spots; bought 30-second ads, ran two commercials back to back; 1983 - introduced Mrs. Dash line of herbs, spices.

1954 - Jacques Courtin opened Institut Clarins beauty salon on Rue Tronchet in Paris; named for Clarins, Roman jailer saved Christians from being devoured at the Coliseum by overfeeding lions; founded Clarins to produce luxury skin-care products, makeup made primarily from plant extracts; 2006 - $1.2 billion in sales.

1961 - Leonardo Del Vecchio founded Luxottica s.a.s., limited partnership, in Agordo; employed ten people, contract manufacturer of eyewear parts; 1971 - only business became manufacture, sale of finished eyeglass frames; first collection presented at MIDO (International Exhibition of Optics, Optometry and Ophthalmology) in Milan; 1974 - acquired Italian firm Scarrone, its first distribution company; 1988 - signed license agreement with Giorgio Armani; 1995 - acquired US Shoe Corporation, owner of LensCrafters, direct distribution through largest optical retail chain in North America (870 stores); 1999 - acquired Ray-Ban (best known sunwear brand in world); 2001 - acquired Sunglass Hut, Inc., largest sunwear store chain in world (more than 1,550 sales points in North America, approximately 300 stores throughout the rest of world); consolidated direct market penetration); 2007 - 27 brands, approximately 52,000 employees worldwide; June 20, 2007 - agreed to acquire Oakley Inc. in an all-cash deal worth about $2.1 billion.

1962 - Valentino Garavani debuted Valentino fashions in Florence; teamed with Giancarlo Giammetti to form business; 1998 - sold company for approximately $300 million to HdP, Italian conglomerate controlled, in part, by Gianni Agnelli, head of Fiat; 2002 - acquired by Marzotto Apparel, Milan-based textile company, for $210 million; May 16, 2007 - controlling interest (29.6%) in Valentino Fashion Group SpA acquired by Permira Advisers (Europe's biggest buyout fund) for $1.06 billion.

1965 - Luciano, Gilberto, Carlo, Giuliana  Benetton founded Benetton Group.

May 1967 - Ralph Lauren established Polo label with successful line (26 boxes) of ties (wide, handmade ties using unexpected, flamboyant, opulent materials); 1969 - established first shop-within-a-shop designer boutique for men in Bloomingdale’s in New York City; 1971 - introduced women's line; opened first store in Beverly Hills, CA; first American designer with his own freestanding store; February 5, 1974 - registered 'Polo by Ralph Lauren' trademark (men's suits, slacks, ties, sweaters, shoes, shirts, hats, belts, socks, and ladies' blouses, skirts, suits and dresses); July 29, 1975 - Polo Fashions, Inc. registered 'Chaps by Ralph Lauren' trademark (jackets, pants, suits and slacks; brand name first used January 23, 1974); 1986 - opened flagship store in Rhinelander mansion (Madison Avenue at 72nd Street); 2002 - $10 billion global business.

1970 - Sidney Kimmel founded, became President of Jones Apparel Division of W. R. Grace; 1975 - acquired by Kimmel and partner, renamed Jones Apparel Group; May 15, 1991 - went public; 1996 - sales of $1 billion; 1993 - acquired Evan-Picone label; October 1998 - acquired Sun Apparel, Inc; June 1999 - acquired Nine West Group Inc.; December 2004 - acquired Barney's New York, Inc.; for $400 million; June 22, 2007 - sold to Istithmar, investment arm of Dubai government, for $825 million.

1975 - Charlie Clifford, former Peace Corps volunteer, founded Tumi Inc. (named for an Inca god), imported leather duffle bags from Colombia; 1980s - introduced garment bag; 1997 - opened first store in Santa Monica, CA; October 2002 - Oaktree Capital Management, LLC, Los Angeles-based private equity firm, acquired controlling interest; October 2004 - acquired by Doughty Hanson (UK buyout firm) for $276 million.

1976 - Liz Claiborne, relatively unknown dress designer, Art Ortenberg (husband in textiles, former boss for 20 years), Leonard Boxer and Jerome Chazen established Liz Claiborne Inc. with less than half a million dollars; design-driven company to provide ensemble driven sportswear, available for many years at designer level prices (Calvin Klein, Bill Blass), affordable for the working woman; worked with retailers to test concept of presenting all brand's related sportswear pieces in one department, streamlined consumer's shopping experience; 1981 - went public (sales of $117 million, net income of $20 million); 1985 - first company founded by a woman to be listed in Fortune 500; 1990 - largest women's apparel maker (sales of $1.4 billion, 35 million garments shipped); 2006 - sales of $5 billion.

1980 - John Paul DeJoria (formerly of Redken Laboratories,  leading professional salon product company), Paul Mitchell (hairdresser) established partnership with borrowed $700.00; launched professional hair care system around new styling method, hair sculpting, and new styling product, Hair Sculpting Lotion; eventually become known as John Paul Mitchell Systems; products marketed under brand name Paul Mitchell; traveled extensively, conducted no-cost product demonstrations for salon owners, promised to buy back any unsold products; 1989 - Paul Mitchell died; 2007 - retail sales of approximately $800 million, over 90 products.

September 1982 - Kenneth Cole incorporated Kenneth Cole Productions, Inc.; debut collection of ladies' footwear (followed in father's footsteps, former senior executive of El Greco, Inc., shoe manufacturing, design company, manufactured CANDIES women's shoes) from  40-foot trailer truck parked on 6th Avenue, across from shoe industry trade show HQ at New York Hilton; sold 40,000 pairs of shoes (entire stock) in two and a half days; 1984 - first public service campaign (AIDS Research); 1985,1994 - sales of $84.9 million; opened Bloomingdale's Manhattan flagship concept shop; 1996 - operated 17 retail stores in United States, store in Amsterdam, Singapore; 2005 - sales at record level of $518 million; products sold in more than 7,500 department, specialty stores, through Consumer Direct business (more than 80 retail, outlet stores, consumer catalogs, interactive websites).

1985 - Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana founded Dolce & Gabbana, leading international luxury goods groups; 2005 - annual sales of 1,151.3 million euros; December 2006 - over 3,000 employees, retail network of 87 stores, 11 factory outlets.

1987 - Joseph Abboud founded JA Apparel Corp; owns Joseph Abboud brand name; menswear label has grown into a $150 million worldwide wholesaler, retailer, and licensor of men?s clothing, accessories, and home furnishings; 2000 - sold for $65 million to RCS MediaGroup.

1988 - Rembrandt Group Limited of South Africa (founded by Anton Rupert, now Remgro Limited) spun off international assets owned; formed Compagnie Financiere Richemont AG; owns minority holding in Cartier Monde SA. Rothmans International (holds investments in Cartier monde, Alfred Dunhill, Montblanc, Chloé); 1989 - acquired Philip Morris's 30% interest in Rothmans International; 1993 - separated tobacco, luxury goods operations into Rothmans International BV/PLC, Vendôme Luxury Group SA/PLC; 1988 - bought out Vendôme Luxury Group minority shareholders; 2003 - completed acquisition of control of Van Cleef & Arpels.

July 15, 1997 - Fashion designer Gianni Versace was shot to death outside his home in Miami; suspected gunman Andrew Phillip Cunanan was found dead eight days later.

March 17, 2006 - The Body Shop agreed to $1.2 billion takeover by the French cosmetics firm L'Oréal; 1976 - started in Brighton, UK as ethical alternative to traditional approach to cosmetics; 2,085 branches worldwide, 304 in UK.

March 12, 2007 - The Weinstein Company and Hilco Consumer Capital announced that they had acquired Halston (brokered by Jimmy Choo) from Neema Clothing for an undisclosed amount.

February 13, 2008 - Liz Claiborne agreed to sell Ellen Tracy Brand to group of investors including Radius Partners and Windsong Brands for up to $42 million in cash.

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(Chanel), Edmonde Charles-Roux (1981). Chanel and Her World. (London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 354 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Fashion designers--France--Biography; Women fashion designers--France--Biography; France--Social life and customs--20th century.

(Chanel), Axel Madsen (1990). Chanel: A Woman of Her Own. (New York, NY: Holt, 388 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Women fashion designers--France--Biography; Fashion designers--France--Biography.

(Chanel), Amy De La Haye, Shelley Tobin (1994). Chanel, The Couturiere at Work. (Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 136 p.). Assistant Curator in the Textiles and Dress Collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum; Curator of Costumes for the National Trust in Devon, England. Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Fashion design--France--History--20th century.

(Chanel), Janet Wallach (1998). Chanel: Her Style and Her Life. (New York, NY: N. Talese, 180 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Costume design--France--History--20th century.

(Chanel), Henry Gidel (2000). Coco Chanel. (Paris, FR: Flammarion, 437 p.). Chanel, Coco, 1883-1971; Fashion designers--France--Biography; Women fashion designers--France--Biography; Costume design--France--History--20th century; Woman - Fashion - Biography.

(Liz Claiborne Inc.), Jane L. Collins (2003). Threads: Gender, Labor, and Power in the Global Apparel Industry. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 207 p.). Professor of Rural Sociology and Women's Studies (University of Wisconsin, Madison). Liz Claiborne Inc.; Women clothing workers--Virginia--Martinsville; Knit goods industry--Virginia--Martinsville--Employees; Clothing workers--Virginia--Martinsville; Clothing trade--United States; Consumers--United States--Attitudes; Women clothing workers--Mexico--Aguascalientes; Knit goods industry--Mexico--Aguascalientes--Employees; Clothing workers--Mexico--Aguascalientes; Globalization--Economic aspects--United States--Case studies; Globalization--Economic aspects--Mexico--Case studies; International business enterprises--United States--Case studies. Traces diverse ties that link First , Third World workers, managers, producers,  consumers; puts human face on globalization.

(Clarins SA), Jacques Courtin (2006). Une Reussite en Beaute. (Paris, FR: Lattes, 232 p.). Founder Clarins SA. Courtin, Jacques, 1921-2007; Clarins (Firm)--History; Toilet preparations industry--France--History.

(Kenneth Cole Productions), Kenneth Cole (2003). Footnotes: What You Stand For Is More Important Than What You Stand In. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 208 p.). Founder, Kenneth Cole Productions. Kenneth Cole Productions; Advertising--Fashion.

(Coty), Elisabeth Barille (1995). Coty: Parfumeur et Visionnaire. (Paris, FR: Editions Assouline, 180 p.). Coty, Francois, 1874-1934; Coty (Firm); Cosmetics industry--France--Biography.

(Dior - founded 1947), Christian Dior; Translated from the French by Antonia Fraser (1957). Christian Dior and I. (New York, NY: Dutton, 251 p.). Dior, Christian; Fashion designers--France--Paris. 

(Dior), Marie-France Pochna; translated from the French by Joanna Savill; foreword by Stanley Marcus (1996). Christian Dior: The Man Who Made the World Look New. (New York, NY: Arcade Pub., 314 p.). Dior, Christian; Fashion designers--France--Paris--Biography; Costume design--France--Paris--History--20th century.

(Dior), Esmeralda de Rethy, Jean-Louis Perreau (2001). Christian Dior: The Early Years, 1947-1957. (New York, NY: Vendome Press, 127 p.). Dior, Christian; Christian Dior, Inc.; Costume design--France--Paris--History--20th century; Fashion--France--Paris--History--20th century.

Christian Dior (Dior) (2007). Dior by Dior. (London, UK: Victoria and Albert Museum, 178 p.). Dior, Christian; Christian Dior, Inc.; Fashion designers--France--Paris--Biography; Costume design--France--Paris--History--20th century; Fashion--France--Paris--History--20th century. Insight into workings of a great fashion house, private man behind high-profile establishment.

(Perry Ellis), Jonathan Moor (1988). Perry Ellis. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 247 p.). Ellis, Perry, 1940-1986; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Esther's Beauty Supply Company), Joseph Osborne (1994). Washing the Elephant: The Authorized Biography of Bettie Esther Parham. (Pittsburgh, PA: Dorrance, 175 p.). Parham, Bettie Esther; Esther's Beauty Supply Company; African American women executives -- Biography; African American businesspeople -- Biography; Businesswomen -- United States -- Biography; Hair preparations industry -- United States.

(Ferragamo), Salvatore Ferragamo (1972). Shoemaker of Dreams; The Autobiography of Salvatore Ferragamo. (New York, NY: Crown, 223 p. [orig. pub. 1957]). Ferragamo, Salvatore, 1898-1960; Shoemakers--Italy--Biography.

(FUBU), Daymond John, with Daniel Paisner (2007). Display of Power: How FUBU Changed a World of Fashion, Branding and Lifestyle. (Nashville, TN: Naked Ink, 223 p.). Founder and CEO of Fashion Label FUBU. FUBU; Costume design--United States--History; Costume design--History. Began as bunch of tie-top hats made in author's home in Hollis, Queens; mortgaged home for $100,000, turned half of house into factory, other half for living space for team of neighborhood friends. FUBU - originally BUFU, By Us For Us.

(Princess Galitzine), Irene Galitzine (1996). Dalla Russia alla Russia. (Milan, IT: Longanesi, 320 p.). Galitzine, Irene; Fashion--Italy--Rome--History--20th century; Fashion designers--Italy--Biography.

(Giorgio Inc.), Steve Ginsberg (1989). Reeking Havoc: The Unauthorized Story of Giorgio. (New York, NY: Warner Books, 262 p.). Giorgio, Inc.; Perfumes industry--United States.

(Gucci), Gerald McKnight (1987). Gucci: A House Divided. (New York, NY: D. I. Fine, 362 p.). Gucci (Firm);  Clothing trade--Italy; Clothing trade.

(Gucci), Sarah Gay Forden (2000). The House of Gucci: A Sensational Story of Murder, Madness, Glamour, and Greed (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 351 p.). Gucci, Maurizio, 1948-1995; Gucci (Firm); Businessmen--Italy--Biography; Clothing trade--Italy; Trials (Murder)--Italy.

(Gucci), Tom Ford, Bridget Foley (2004). Tom Ford. (New York, NY: Rizzoli International, 304 p.). Former Creative Director (Gucci, Yves Saint Laurent). Ford, Tom; Gucci; Yves Saint Laurent; Arts & Photography; Fashion Design. 

(Gucci), Sarah Mower (2006). Gucci by Gucci. (New York, NY: Vendome Press, 456 p.). Fashion Journalist; Contributing Editor to Vogue and Style.com. Gucci (Firm)--History; Fashion design--Italy--History--20th century. Story of the brand, since 1921 inception in Florence, Italy; history of Florentine family-owned saddler that has imprinted its name on fashion consciousness; history of company, glorious visual exploration of its far-reaching influence.

(Guerlain), Colette Fellous (1987). Guerlain. (Paris, FR: Denoel, 160 p.). Guerlain (History), Perfumes Industry (France) - History.

(Guess Inc.), Christopher Byron (1992). Skin Tight: The Bizarre Story of Guess v. Jordache--Glamour, Greed, and Dirty Tricks in the Fashion Industry. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 364 p.). Guess (Firm)--Trials, litigation, etc.; Jordache (Firm)--Trials, litigation, etc.; Trials (Fraud)--California--Los Angeles; Clothing trade--Corrupt practices--United States.

(Haggar), Joy G. Spiegel (1978). That Haggar Man: A Biographical Portrait. (New York, NY: Random House, 149 p.). Haggar, J. M., 1892- ; Businessmen -- United States -- Biography; Men's clothing industry -- United States -- History.

(Haggar), Ed R. Haggar (2001). "Big Ed" and the Haggar Family: Behind an Apparel Giant. (Austin, TX: Eakin Press, 207 p.). Haggar Corporation--History; Men's clothing industry--Texas--History; Clothing trade--Texas--History; Businessmen--Texas--Biography.

(Halston), Steven Gaines (1991). Simply Halston: The Untold Story. (New York, NY: Putnam, 320 p.). Halston, 1932-1990; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Halston), Elaine Gross & Fred Rottman (1999). Halston: An American Original. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 236 p.). Halston, 1932-1990; Fashion designers--United States--Biography; Costume design--United States--History--20th century.

(Harper Method), Jane R. Plitt (2000). Martha Matilda Harper and the American Dream: How One Woman Changed the Face of Modern Business. (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 184 p.). Visiting Scholar (University of Rochester). Harper, Martha Matilda--Biography; Businesswomen--United States--Biography; Beauty shop supplies industry--Management. 

(Jergens), Paul F. Erwin (1965). With Lotions of Love. (Cincinnati, OH: Author, 107 p.). Jergens (Andrew) Company.

(Calvin Klein), Steven Gaines and Sharon Churcher (1994). Obsession: The Lives and Times of Calvin Klein. (New York, NY: Carol Publishing Group, 414 p.). Klein, Calvin, 1942- ; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Calvin Klein), Lisa Marsh (2003). The House of Klein: Fashion, Controversy, and a Business Obsession. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 232 p.). Fashion Reporter (New York Post). Klein, Calvin, 1942- ; Calvin Klein, Inc.; Fashion designers United States Biography; Costume design United States History 20th century. 

(Koscot Interplanetary), John Frasca (1972). The Unstoppable Glenn Turner. (Orlando, FL: Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, 218 p.). Turner, Glenn, 1935- ; Success in business.

(Koscot Interplanetary), Glenn W. Turner (1994). Turner, Turner, Turner: The King of Network Marketing. (Orlando, FL: Glen W. Turner Enterprises, 330 p.). Turner, Glen W.; Koscot Interplanetary; cosmetics industry--United States.

(Karl Lagerfeld), Alicia Drake (2006). The Beautiful Fall: Lagerfeld, Saint Laurent, and Glorious Excess in 1970s Paris. (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 437 p.). Former Contributing Editor (W, Paris Vogue). Lagerfeld, Karl; Saint Laurent, Yves; haute couture; Paris -- 1970s. Bitter rivalry between (German-born) Lagerfeld and (Algerian-born) Saint Laurent.

(Jeanne Lanvin S.A.), Jerome Picon (2002). Jeanne Lanvin. (Paris, FR: Flammarion, 393 p.). Lanvin, Jeanne, 1867-1946; Fashion designers--France--Biography; Women fashion designers--France--Biography.

(Jeanne Lanvin S.A.), Dean L Merceron, Contribution by Alber Elbaz and Harold Koda (2007). Lanvin. (New York, NY: Rizzoli, 370 p.). Lanvin, Jeanne, 1867-1946; Lanvin S. A.; Fashion design--France--History--20th century. House of Lanvin - oldest surviving couture house; key collections from 1909 - 1946; currently experiencing period of great acclaim, emerging as darling of press, Hollywood, larger fashion community.

(Estee Lauder), Lee Israel (1985). Estée Lauder: Beyond the Magic: An Unauthorized Biography (New York, NY: Macmillan, 186 p.). Lauder, Estée; Cosmetics industry--United States--Biography.

(Estee Lauder ), Estee Lauder (1985). Estée: A Success Story. (New York, NY: Random House, 222 p.). Founder, Estee Lauder, Inc. Lauder, Estée; Estée Lauder, Inc.--History; Perfumes industry--United States; Cosmetics industry--United States; Businesswomen--United States--Biography.

(L'Oréal), Michael Bar-Zohar (1996). Bitter Scent: The Case of L'Oreal, Nazis and the Arab Boycott. (New York, NY: Dutton, 264 p.). L'Oréal (Firm)--History;. 

(L'Oréal), François Dalle (2001). L'Aventure L'Oréal. (Paris, FR: Jacob, 395 p.). Former CEO (1957-1984). Dalle, François, 1918- ; L'Oréal (Firm)--Officials and employees--Biography; Toilet preparations industry--France--History--20th century.

(L'Oréal), Bruno Abescat (2002). La Saga des Bettancourt: L'Oréal, Une Fortune Française. (Paris, FR: Plon, 279 p.). Bettencourt, André; Bettencourt, Liliane; L'Oréal (Firm)--History; Businessmen--France--Biography; Business enterprises--France--History--20th century.

(Luxottica Group), Giorgio Brunetti, Arnaldo Camuffo; con un’Intervista a Leonardo del Vecchio (2000). Del Vecchio e Luxottica: Come si diventa leader mondiali. (Torino, Italy: UTET, 295 p.). Del Vecchio, Leonardo; Luxottica (Firm)--Management; Businessmen--Italy--Biography; Entrepreneurship--Italy--Case studies; Optical trade--Italy.

(LVMH), Claude Vincent, Philippe Monnin (1990). Guerre du Luxe: l'Affaire LVMH. (Paris, FR: Editions F. Bourin, 211 p.). Louis Vuitton Moët-Hennessy (Firm); Consolidation and merger of corporations--France; Conglomerate corporations--France.

(LVMH), Nadège Forestier, Nazanine Ravaï. (1990). Bernard Arnault, Ou, Le Goût Du Pouvoir (a Taste of Power) (Paris, FR: O. Orban, 303 p.). Arnault, Bernard, 1949- ; Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy (Firm)--Management; Executives--France.

(LVMH), Airy Routier (2003). L'Ange Exterminateur: La Vraie Vie de Bernard Arnault. (Paris, FR: Albin Michel, 422 p.). Arnault, Bernard, 1949- ; Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy (Firm)--Management--History; Executives--France--Biography.

(Marilyn Miglin Institute), Marilyn Miglin (2002). Best Face Forward. (Louisville, KY: Chicago Spectrum Press, 301 p.). Miglin, Marilyn; Businesswomen--Illinois--Chicago--Biography; Cosmetics industry--Illinois--Chicago--Biography.

(John Paul Mitchell Systems), Jocelyn Fujii (1993). Paul Mitchell: Man, Work, Vision: Who Was He? (Honolulu, HI: The Paul Mitchell Trust, 112 p.). Mitchell, Paul, 1936-1989; Beauty operators--United States--Biography; Beauty operators--England--Biography; Hairdressing--United States--Equipment and supplies.

(Mary Kay Cosmetics), Mary Kay Ash (1986). Mary Kay (New York, NY: Perennial, 200 p. [rev. ed.]). Founder, Mary Kay Cosmetics. Ash, Mary Kay; Mary Kay Cosmetics; Cosmetics industry--United States--Biography. Selling; Biography; Entrepreneur; Beauty, Personal; Women- owned business enterprises.

(Mary Kay Cosmetics), Mary Kay Ash (1995). Mary Kay, You Can Have It All: Lifetime Wisdom from America's Foremost Woman Entrepreneur. (Rocklin, CA: Prima Pub., 258 p.). Success in business; Success; Businesswomen.

(M&M Products Company), Cornell McBride (2006). A Cut Above: How Cornell McBride Made Millions in the Hair Biz. (Lithonia, GA: MRL Pub., 252 p.). Hair preparations industry -- United States. Invented Sta Sof Fro, one of the most famous hair-care products in history.

(Occitane), Pierre Magnan; translated from the French by Richard Seaver (2003). The Essence of Provence: The Story of L'Occitane. (New York, NY: Arcade Pub., 135 p.). Occitane (Firm)--History; Cosmetics industry--France--Provence-Côte d'Azur; Soap trade--France--Provence-Côte d'Azur. 

(Pinault Printemps Redoute), Pierre Daix (1998). François Pinault: Essai Biographique. (Paris, FR: Editions de Fallois, 257 p.). Pinault, François; Businessmen--France--Biography.

(Pinault Printemps Redoute), Caroline Monnot et Pierre-Angel Gay (1999). François Pinault Milliardaire, ou, Les Secrets d'Une Incroyable Fortune. (Paris, FR: Balland, 238 P.). Pinault, François; Businesspeople--France--Biography; Capitalists and financiers--France--Biography; Millionaires--France--Biography.

(Pinault Printemps Redoute), Jean Bothorel (2003). François Pinault: Une Enfance Bretonne. (Paris, FR: Laffont, 153 p.). Pinault, François; Businessmen--France--Biography.

(Polo), Jeffrey A.Trachtenberg (1988). Ralph Lauren: The Man Behind the Mystique (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 302 p.). Lauren, Ralph; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Polo), Colin McDowell (2001). Ralph Lauren: The Man, the Vision, the Style. (London, UK: Cassell, 203 p.). Lauren, Ralph; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Polo), Michael Gross (2003). Genuine Authentic: The Real Life of Ralph Lauren. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 392 p.). Lauren, Ralph; Fashion designers--United States--Biography.

(Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation), Ralph Lauren (2007). Ralph Lauren. (New York, NY: Rizzoli, 500 p.). Founder, Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation. Lauren, Ralph; Fashion designers--United States--Biography. 1967 - designed neckties under Polo label;  only designer to receive CFDA’s four highest honors. Author speaks candidly about himself, his art, peek into mind of one of America’s most accomplished fashion designers of all times.

(Revlon), Andrew Tobias (1976). Fire and Ice: The Story of Charles Revson the Man Who Built the Revlon Empire (New York, NY: Morrow, 282 p.). Revson, Charles, 1906-1975; Revlon, inc.; Cosmetics industry--United States--History.

(Revlon), Richard Hack (1996). When Money Is King: How Revlon's Ron Perelman Mastered the World of Finance to Create One of America's Greatest Business Empires, and Found Glamour, Beauty, and the High Life in the Bargain (Beverly Hills, CA: Dove Books, 285 p.). Perelman, Ronald; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography; Millionaires--United States--Biography.

(Helena Rubinstein), Patrick O'Higgins (1971). Madame; An Intimate Biography of Helena Rubinstein. (New York, NY: Viking, 296 p.). Rubinstein, Helena, 1870-1965.

(Helena Rubinstein), Lindy Woodhead (2004). War Paint: Madame Helena Rubinstein and Miss Elizabeth Arden: Their Lives, Their Times, Their Rivalry. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 492 p.). Former Journalist, Fashion PR Executive. Rubinstein, Helena, 1870-1965; Arden, Elizabeth, 1878-1966; Businesswomen--United States--Biography; Cosmetics industry--United States--History; Beauty culture--United States--History. 

(Tony & Guy), Guy Mascolo (2003). The Birth of Toni & Guy. (Tenterden, UK: Circular Sounds, 160 p.). Co-Founder. Mascolo. Family; Toni & Guy. Firm; Beauty operators. Great Britain. Biography. 

(von Furstenberg), Diane von Furstenberg, with Linda Bird Francke (1998). Diane: A Signature Life. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 237 p.). Von Furstenberg, Diane; Women fashion designers--United States--Biography. 

(Louis Vuitton - 1854 house of Louis Vuitton founded as a trunk-maker), Stéphanie Bonvicini (2004). Louis Vuitton: Une Saga Française. (Paris, FR: Fayard, 363 p.). Vuitton, Louis, 1821-1892; Vuitton family; Louis Vuitton (Firm)--History; Louis Vuitton Moët-Hennessy (Firm)--History; Luxury goods industry--France--History; Luggage industry--France--History.

(Louis Vuitton), Paul-Gérard Pasols; translated from the French by Lenora Ammon (2005). Louis Vuitton: The Birth of Modern Luxury. (New York, NY: Harry N. Abrams, 616 p.). Former Director of Communications for Louis Vuitton. Vuitton, Louis, 1821-1892; Louis Vuitton (Firm)--History; Luggage--Design--History; Trunks (Luggage)--History. Remarkable history of the House of Vuitton.

(Louis Vuitton Japan), Kyojiro Hata (2004). The Building of Luxury: The Visionary Genius Behind Louis Vuitton Japan. (New York, NY: Assouline, 128 p.). Director of Louis Vuitton Japan. Vuitton, Louis; luxury goods; turnarounds. 

(Madam C. J.  Walker Manufacturing Co.), A'Lelia Bundles (2001). On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C.J. Walker. (New York, NY: Scribner, 415 p.). Great-great Granddaughter. Walker, C. J., Madam, 1867-1919; Afro-American women executives--Biography; Cosmetics industry--United States--History.  

(Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Co.), Beverly Lowry (2003). Her Dream of Dreams: The Rise and Triumph of Madam C. J. Walker. (New York, NY: Knopf, 481 p.). Head of Creative Non-Fiction Program (George Mason University). Walker, C. J., Madam, 1867-1919; African American women executives--Biography; Cosmetics industry--United States--History. 

(YSL), Axel Madsen (1979). Living for Design: The Yves Saint Laurent Story. (New York, NY: Delacorte Press, 246 p.). Saint Laurent, Yves; Fashion designers--France--Biography.

(YSL), Yves Saint Larent ; dessins d'Yves Saint Laurent; préface de Bernard-Henri Lévy; commentaires d'Hélène de Turckheim (1986). Yves Saint Laurent. (Paris, FR: Musée des arts de la mode, 221 p.). Saint Laurent, Yves; Costume designers -- France -- Biography; Costume design -- France -- History -- 20th century.

(YSL), Laurence Benaïm (1993). Yves Saint Laurent. (Paris, FR: B. Grasset, 475 p.). Saint Laurent, Yves; Fashion designers--France--Biography. 

(YSL), Alice Rawsthorn (1996). Yves Saint Laurent: A Biography. (New York, NY: Nan A. Talese, 405 p.). Correspondent, Financial Times. Saint Laurent, Yves; Fashion designers--France--Biography; Fashion design--France--History--20th century. 

(Zara), Cecilia Monllor (2001). Zarapolis: La Historia Secreta de un Imperio de la Moda. (Barcelona, Spain: Ediciones del Bronce, 287 p.). Ortega Gaona, Amancio, 1936- ; Zara (Firm)--History; Fashion merchandising--Spain.

Frederick H. Abernathy, John T. Dunlop, Janice H. Hammond and David Weill (1999). A Stitch in Time: Lean Retailing and the Transformation of Manufacturing : Lessons from the Apparel and Textile Industries
 . (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 368 p.). Clothing trade--United States--Management; Manufacturing industries--United States--Management--Data processing; Retail trade--United States--Management; Just-in-time systems; Organizational change; Manufacturing industries--Management; Textile industry--United States--Management.

Teri Agins (1999). The End of Fashion: The Mass Marketing of the Clothing Business. (New York, NY: Morrow, 319 p.). Reporter, Wall Street Journal. Clothing trade; Clothing and dress--Marketing. 

Chandler Burr (2002). The Emperor of Scent: A Story of Obsession, Perfume, and the Last Mystery of the Senses. (NewYork, NY: Random House, 318 p.). Turin, Luca; Smell; Nose; Biophysicists--Great Britain--Biography. Dr. Luca Turin, pioneering scientist obsessed with "smell track" of everyday life.

--- (2008). The Perfect Scent: A Year Inside the Perfume Industry in Paris and New York. (New York, NY: Holt, 306 p.). Pperfume Critic (New York Times). Perfumes industry--Popular works; Perfumes--Popular works. Process of creating a perfume; personalities which envision, design, create, launch perfumes that drive billion-dollar industry; year behind scenes observing creation of two major fragrances (Hermes, Coty).

Carole Conover (1978). Cover Girls: The Story of Harry Conover (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 224 p.). Conover, Harry, 1912- ; Models (Persons) -- United States; Businessmen -- United States -- Biography.

Irene Daria (1990). The Fashion Cycle: A Behind-the-Scenes Look at a Year with Bill Blass, Liz Claiborne, Donna Karan, Arnold Scaasi, and Adrienne Vittadini. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 240 p.). Costume design--United States; Costume designers--United States.

Simon Doonan (1998). Confessions of a Window Dresser: Tales from a Life in Fashion. (New York, NY: Penguin Studio, 239 p.). Barney's "doyen of display". Doonan, Simon, 1952- ; Window dressers--Great Britain--Biography.

Stuart Ewen and Elizabeth Ewen (1982). Channels of Desire: Mass Images and the Shaping of American Consciousness. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 312 p.). Fashion History, Advertising, Consumers.

Carole Collier Frick (2002). Dressing Renaissance Florence: Families, Fortunes, & Fine Clothing. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 347 p.). Associate Professor of History (Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville). Clothing trade--Italy--Florence--History--To 1500; Tailoring--Italy--Florence--History--To 1500; Costume--Italy--Florence--History--15th century; Florence (Italy)--Social life and customs. 

Susannah Handley (1999). Nylon: The Story of a Fashion Revolution: A Celebration of Design from Art Silk to Nylon and Thinking Fibres. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 192 p.). Clothing trade--History--20th century; Fashion--History--20th century; Synthetic fabrics; Nylon. 

Ed. Beth Harris (2005). Famine and Fashion: Needlewomen in the Nineteenth Century. (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 252 p.). Women dressmakers--History--19th century; Dressmaking--History--19th century; Fashion--History--19th century.

Daniel Delis Hill (2004). As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising. (Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press, 226 p.). Vogue; Advertising--Fashion--United States--History--20th century; Fashion--United States--History--20th century; Costume--United States--History--20th century; Dress accessories--United States--History--20th century. 

Robert O'Byrne (2000). After a Fashion: A History of the Irish Fashion Industry. (Dublin, IR: Town House and Country House, 180 p.). Fashion design--Ireland--History; Fashion--Ireland--History; Fashion designers--Ireland--History.

Kathy Lee Peiss (1999). Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Culture. (New York, NY: Holt, 334 p.). Beauty culture--United States--History; Cosmetics--United States--History. Masks and faces -- Women who painted -- Beauty culture and women's commerce -- The rise of the mass market -- Promoting the made-up woman -- Everyday cosmetic practices -- Shades of difference -- Identity and the market.

Teresa Riordan (2004). Inventing Beauty: A History of the Innovations That Have Made Us Beautiful. (New York, NY: Broadway Books, 307 p.). Technology Columnist (New York Times). Beauty, Personal--History; Beauty culture--History; Cosmetics--History; Clothing and dress--History. 

Rob Schorman (2003). Selling Style: Clothing and Social Change at the Turn of the Century. (Philadelphia, PA: PENN/University of Pennsylvania Press,, 212 p.). Fashion merchandising--United States--History--19th century; Clothing trade--United States--History--19th century; Social change--United States--History--19th century.

ed. Philip Scranton (2000). Beauty and Business: Commerce, Gender, and Culture in Modern America. (New York, NY: Routledge, 340 p.). Beauty, Personal--United States--History; Clothing trade--United States--History; Fashion--United States--History; United States--Commerce--History.

Susan Mosher Stuard (2006). Gilding the Market: Luxury and Fashion in Fourteenth-Century Italy. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 344 p.). Professor of History Emeritus (Haverford College). Luxury goods industry--Italy--History--To 1500; Luxuries--Italy--History--To 1500; Clothing and dress--Italy--History--Medieval, 500-1500; Fashion--Italy--History--To 1500; Consumption (Economics)--Italy--History--To 1500; Italy--Economic conditions. Arrival of fashion in European history. 

Kelley Styring (2007). In Your Purse: Archaeology of the American Handbag. (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 112 p.). Former Head of Market Research at both Procter & Gamble and Frito-Lay. Role of purse in a woman's life. Deep-seated needs a purse and its contents fulfill, styles of purses that facilitate organization, products that perform in the purse.

Mark Tungate (2005). Fashion Brands: Branding Style from Armani to Zara. (Sterling, VA: Kogan Page, 243 p.). Fashion merchandising; Brand name products; Advertising--Fashion. 

Rachel C. Weingarten (2006). Hello, Gorgeous!: Beauty Products in America, 40s-60s. (Portland, OR: Collectors Press, 176 p.). President, GTK Marketing Group. Beauty culture--United States--History--20th century; Beauty, Personal--United States--History--20th century; Cosmetics--United States--History--20th century. Products that became staples for generations of women, set standard for innovations in industry.

Claire Wilcox (2007). The Golden Age of Couture: Paris and London 1947-1957. (New York, NY: Abrams, 224 p.). Senior Curator in the Victoria &Albert Museum’s Textiles & Fashion Department. Coutre; Fashion Design -- History. History of couture - from Parisian dressmaking workshops to large commercial industry in mid-20th century;  inner workings of exclusive design houses, inspiration behind some of most famous styles of all time.

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Business History Links

Benetton Advertising History http://www.museedelapub.org/pubgb/virt/mp/benetton/ pub_benetton.html                                                                      Luciano Benetton: "The purpose of advertising is not to sell more. It's to do with institutional publicity, whose aim is to communicate the company's values (...) We need to convey a single strong image, which can be shared anywhere in the world." Oliviero Toscani pursues this: "I am not here to sell pullovers, but to promote an image"... Benetton's advertising draws public attention to universal themes like racial integration, the protection of the environment, Aids...

International Perfume Museum  http://www.museesdegrasse.com/                                   International Perfume Museum's exceptional collections retrace the history of perfumes, and also that of soap, and make-up and cosmetics, over 4,000 years.

Perfume Museum of Barcelona http://www.museudelperfum.com/                                                 The Perfume Museum of Barcelona, installed in the Paseo de Gracia 39, it was inaugurated in 1963 in order to show the perfume vessels and containers evolution.