May 27, 1794 - Cornelius Vanderbilt, shipping and railroad magnate, established ferry service between Manhattan, Staten Islands.

March 12, 1901 - Industrialist Andrew Carnegie earmarked  $5.2 million for the construction of 65 branch libraries in New York City; established over 2500 libraries by time of his death in 1919.

September 29, 1916 - John D. Rockefeller became the world's first billionaire.

December 24, 1919 - John D. Rockefeller, thought to be the world's richest man, gave away $100 million dollars.

Top 30 Wealthiest Businessman in History

(in today's dollars):

1) John D. Rockefeller ($192 billion); oil
2) Cornelius Vanderbilt ($143 billion); railroads
3) John Jacob Astor ($116 billion); fur trading; real estate
4) Stephen Girard ($83 billion) - banking;
5) Bill Gates ($82 billion); high technology
6) Andrew Carnegie ($75 billion); steel
7) A. T. Stewart ($70 billion) - department store;
8) Frederick Weyerhaeuser ($68 billion); forest products
9) Jay Gould ($67 billion) - financier;
10) Stephen Van Rensselaer ($64 billion) - land;
11) Marshall Field ($61 billion); department store
12) Henry Ford ($54 billion); automobile
13) Sam Walton ($53 billion); discount stores
14) Andrew W. Mellon $48 billion) - banking;
15) Richard B. Mellon ($48 billion) - banking ;
16) Warren E. Buffett ($46 billion); insurance; investments
17) James G. Fair ($45 billion) - silver mining; Fairmont Hotel
18) William Weightman ($44 billion) - malaria drug;
19) Moses Taylor ($44 billion) - Citibank;
20) Russell Sage ($43 billion) - financier;
21) John I. Blair ($43 billion) - railroads;
22) Edward Henry Harriman ($39 billion) - railroads;
23) Henry Huttleston Rogers ($39 billion) - Standard Oil;
24) J. P. Morgan ($38 billion); banking
25) Oliver S. Payne ($37 billion) - Standard Oil;
26) Henry Frick ($36 billion) - coke/steel;
27) George Pullman ($34 billion) - railroad sleeping cars;
28) Collis Porter Huntington ($33 billion) - Central Pacific Railroad;
29) Peter A. B. Widener ($32 billion) - streetcar tracks;
30) James C. Flood ($31 billion) - silver mining; Flood mansion (Pacific Union Club)

(source: "The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates-A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present" by Michael Klepper and Robert Gunther (New York, NY: Carol Pub. Group, 1996)

(Astor), James Parsons (1865). Life of John Jacob Astor. To Which Is Appended a Copy of His Last Will. (New York, NY: The American News Company, 121 p.). Astor, John Jacob, 1763-1848.

(Astor), Arthur D.H. Smith (1929). John Jacob Astor, Landlord of New York. (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 296 p.). Astor, John Jacob, 1763-1848.

(Astor), John Upton Terrell (1963). Furs by Astor. (New York, NY: Morrow, 490 p.). Astor, John Jacob, 1763-1848; American Fur Company.

(Astor), Kenneth W. Porter (1966). John Jacob Astor, Business Man. (New York, NY: Russell & Russell, 2 vols. [orig. pub. 1931]). Astor, John Jacob, 1763-1848.

(Astor), Virginia Cowles (1979). The Astors. (New York, NY: Knopf, 256 p.). Astor family; Great Britain--Genealogy.

(Astor), John D. Gates (1981). The Astor Family. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 352 p.). Astor family.

(Astor), David Sinclair (1984). Dynasty: The Astors and Their Times. (New York, NY: Beaufort Books, 426 p.). Astor family.

(Astor), Washington Irving ; introduction by Kaori O'Connor (1987). Astoria: Adventure in the Pacific Northwest. (New York, NY: KPI, 440 p. [orig. pub. 1839]). Astor, John Jacob, 1763-1848; American Fur Company--History; Voyages to the Pacific coast; Overland journeys to the Pacific; Astoria (Or.)--History.

(Astor), John D. Haeger (1991). John Jacob Astor: Business and Finance in the Early Republic. (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 365 p.). Astor, John Jacob, 1763-1848; Businesspeople--United States--Biography; United States--Economic conditions--To 1865.

(Astor), Derek A. Wilson (1993). The Astors, 1763-1992: Landscape with Millionaires. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 439 p.). Astor family; United States--Biography; England--Biography.

(Astor), Axel Madsen (2001). John Jacob Astor: America's First Multimillionaire. (New York, NY: Wiley, 312 p.). Astor, John Jacob, 1763-1848; Businesspeople--United States--Biography; United States--Economic conditions--To 1865.

(Isaac Bronson), Grant Morrison (1973). Isaac Bronson and the Search for System in American Capitalism, 1789-1838. (New York, NY: Arno Press, 389 p.). Bronson, Isaac, 1760-1838; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography; United States--Economic conditions--To 1865.

(Cabot), Leon A. Harris (1967). Only to God; The Extraordinary Life of Godfrey Lowell Cabot (New York, NY: Atheneum, 361 p.). Cabot, Godfrey Lowell, 1861-1962; United States--Genealogy.

(Carnegie), John K. Winkler (1931). Incredible Carnegie; The Life of Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919). (New York, NY: Vanguard Press, 307 p.). Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919.

(Carnegie), Burton J. Hendrick (1932). The Life of Andrew Carnegie. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Company, 2 vols.). Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919; Philanthropists--United States--Biography; Industrialists--United States--Biography; Steel industry and trade--United States--History.

(Carnegie), Burton J. Hendrick and Daniel Henderson (1950). Louise Whitfield Carnegie; The Life of Mrs. Andrew Carnegie. (New York, NY: Hastings House, 306 p.). Carnegie, Louise (Whitfield) 1857-1946.

(Carnegie), Alvin F. Harlow (1953). Andrew Carnegie. (New York, NY: J. Messner, 182 p.). Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919.

(Carnegie), Andrew Carnegie (1968). The Empire of Business. (New York, NY: Greenwood Press, 307 p. [orig. pub. 1902]). Business; Success in business; Wealth; United States--Economic conditions. 

(Carnegie), Louis M. Hacker (1968). The World of Andrew Carnegie: 1865-1901. (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 473 p.). Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919; Industrial policy--United States--History; United States--Economic conditions.

(Carnegie), Andrew Carnegie with a new foreword by Cecilia Tichi (1986). Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. (Boston, MA: Northeastern University Press, 375 p., [orig. pub. 1920]). Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919; Industrialists--United States--Biography; Philanthropists--United States--Biography.

(Carnegie), Joseph Frazier Wall (1989). Andrew Carnegie. (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1137 p. [orig. pub. 1970]). Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919; United States -- Biography; Philanthropists -- United States -- Biography; Industrialists -- United States -- Biography; Steel industry and trade -- United States.

(Carnegie), Harold C. Livesay (2000). Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business. (New York, NY: Longman, 288 p., 2nd ed.). Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919; Industrialists--United States--Biography; Millionaires--United States--Biography; Philanthropists--United States--Biography; Steel industry and trade--United States--History; Iron industry and trade--United States--History; Big business--United States--History.

(Carnegie), Peter Krass (2002). Carnegie. (New York, NY: Wiley, 612 p.). Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919; Industrialists--United States--Biography; Philanthropists--United States--Biography; Steel industry and trade--United States--History.

(Carnegie), Quentin R. Skrabec Jr. (2004). The Boys of Braddock: Andrew Carnegie and the Men Who Changed Industrial History. (Westminster, MD: Heritage Books, 230 p.). Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919; Jones, William (William R.); Schwab, Charles M., 1862-1939; Edgar Thomson Works; Industrial revolution--United States; Industrialists--Pennsylvania--Biography; Steel industry and trade--Pennsylvania--Braddock--History; Braddock (Pa.)--History. Braddock, PA - steel-making hometown of some of America's greatest steel manufacturing industrialists (Andrew Carnegie); "Boys" developed concepts in industrial management  changed Industrial Revolution. 

(Carnegie), Raymond Lamont-Brown (2005). Carnegie: The Richest Man in the World. (Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Sutton Publishing, 246 p.). Carnegie. Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919; Industrialists--United States--Biography; Philanthropists--United States--Biography; Industrialists--Scotland--Biography; Philanthropists--Scotland--Biography; Scottish Americans--Biography; Steel industry and trade--United States--History.

(Carnegie), David Nasaw (2006). Andrew Carnegie. (New York, NY: Penguin Press, 832 p.). Distinguished Professor of History and Director for the Humanities (City University of New York Graduate Center). Carnegie, Andrew, 1835-1919; Industrialists--United States--Biography; Philanthropists--United States--Biography. Based on materials not available to any previous biographer - how Carnegie made his early fortune, what prompted him to give it all away, cultural and political context of his life.

(Duke), Robert F. Durden (1975). The Dukes of Durham, 1865-1929. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 295 p.). Duke family; Duke Endowment.

(Du Pont), John K Winkler (1948). The Du Pont Dynasty. (Kabson Park, MA: Spear & Staff, 342 p.). Du Pont family; E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company--History; Chemical industry--United States--History; United States--Social conditions; United States--Economic conditions.

(Du Pont - July 19, 1802 E.I. DuPont breaks ground for new company), William H. A. Carr (1964). The du Ponts of Delaware. (New York, NY: Dodd, Mead, 368 p.). Du pont family; E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company.

(Du Pont), Marc Duke (1976). The du Ponts: Portrait of a Dynasty. (New York, NY: Saturday Review Press, 340 p.). Du Pont family.

(Du Pont), John D. Gates (1979). The du Pont Family. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 358 p.). Du Pont family.

(Du Pont), Leonard Mosley (1980). Blood Relations: The Rise & Fall of the du Ponts of Delaware. (New York, NY: Atheneum, 426 p.). Du Pont family.

(Du Pont), Gerard Colby (1984). Du Pont Dynasty: Behind the Nylon Curtain. (Seacaucus, NJ: L. Stuart, 968 p.). Du Pont family; E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company--History; Chemical industry--United States--History; United States--Social conditions; United States--Economic conditions.

(Du Pont), Pierre Samuel Du Pont de Nemours; translated, and with an introduction by Elizabeth Fox-Genovese (1984). The Autobiography of Du Pont de Nemours. (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 298 p. [orig. pub. 1906]). Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel, 1739-1817; Du Pont family; Intellectuals--France--Biography; France--Intellectual life--18th century.

(Du Pont), Joseph Frazier Wall (1990). Alfred I. Du Pont: The Man and His Family. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 685 p.). DuPont, Alfred I. (Alfred Irénée), 1864-1935; Du Pont family; Businessmen -- United States -- Biography.

SEE ALSO: Chemicals

(Duke), Robert F. Durden (1975). The Dukes of Durham, 1865-1929. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 295 p.). Duke family; Duke Endowment.

(Fedor), Thomas C. Owen (2005). Dilemmas of Russian Capitalism: Fedor Chizhov and Corporate Enterprise in the Railroad Age. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 275 p.). Katheryn, Lewis, and Benjamin Price Professor of History (Louisiana State University). Chizhov, Fedor, 1811-1877; Businessmen--Russia--Biography; Capitalists and financiers--Russia--Biography; Entrepreneurship--Russia--History; Railroads--Russia--History. 

(Frick), George Brinton McClellan Harvey (1928). Henry Clay Frick, The Man. (New York, NY: C. Scribner's Sons, 382 p.). Frick, Henry Clay, 1849-1919.

(Frick), Samuel A. Schreiner, Jr. (1995). Henry Clay Frick: The Gospel of Greed. (New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 308 p.). Frick, Henry Clay, 1849-1919; Businessmen -- United States -- Biography; Capitalists and financiers -- United States -- Biography.

(Frick), Kenneth Warren (1996). Triumphant Capitalism: Henry Clay Frick and the Industrial Transformation of America. (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 426 p.). Frick, Henry Clay, 1849-1919; Industrialists--United States--Biography; Steel industry and trade--Pennsylvania--Pittsburgh--History. 

(Frick), Martha Frick, Symington Sanger (1998). Henry Clay Frick: An Intimate Portrait. (New York, NY: Abbeville Press Publishers, 599 p.). Frick, Henry Clay, 1849-1919; Businessmen--United States--Biography; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography.

(A. G. Gaston), Carol Jenkins and Elizabeth Gardner Hines (2004). Black Titan: A.G. Gaston and the Making of a Black American Millionaire. (New York, NY: One World, 336 p.). Gaston's Niece (Award-Winning Television Journalist); Grandniece. Gaston, A. G. (Arthur George), b. 1892; African American businesspeople--Biography; Millionaires--United States--Biography. 

(Gould), Murat Halstead ] (1892). Life of Jay Gould, How He Made His Millions ... (Philadelphia, PA: Edgewood Publishing Co., 490 p.). Gould, Jay, 1836-1892; Capitalists and financiers.

(Gould), Robert Irving Warshow (1928). Jay Gould: The Story of a Fortune. (New York, NY: Greeenberg, 200 p.). Gould, Jay, 1836-1892.

(Gould), Julius Grodinsky (1957). Jay Gould, His Business Career, 1867-1892 (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 627 p.). Gould, Jay, 1836-1892.

(Gould), Richard O'Connor (1962). Gould's Millions. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 335 p.). Gould, Jay, 1836-1892.

(Gould), Edwin P. Hoyt, Jr. (1969). The Goulds: A Social History. (New York, NY: Weybright & Talley, 346 p.). Gould, Jay, 1836-1892; Gould family.

(Gould), Maury Klein (1986). The Life and Legend of Jay Gould. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 595 p.). Gould, Jay, 1836-1892; Businessmen--United States--Biography; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography; Railroads--United States--History.

(Gould), Edward J. Renehan, Jr. (2005). The Dark Genius Of Wall Street: The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould, King of the Robber Barons. (New York, NY: Basic Books, 352 p.). Gould, Jay, 1836-1892, robber barons. 

(Guggenheim), Harvey O'Connor (1937). The Guggenheims; The Making of an American Dynasty. (New York, NY: Covici, Friede, 496 p.). Guggenheim family; Mineral industries--United States.

(Guggenheim), Milton Lomask (1964). Seed Money: The Guggenheim Story. (New York, NY: Farrar, Straus, 307 p.). Guggenheim family.

(Guggenheim), Edwin P. Hoyt, Jr. (1967). The Guggenheims and the American Dream. (New York, NY: Funk & Wagnalls, 382 p.). Guggenheim Family.

(Guggenheim), John H. Davis (1978). The Guggenheims: An American Epic. (New York, NY: Morrow, 608 p.). Guggenheim family; Businesspeople--United States--Biography; Art patrons--United States--Biography; Jews--United States--Biography; United States--Biography.

(Guggenheim), Irwin Unger and Debi Unger (2005). The Guggenheims: A Family History. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 560 p.). Pulitzer Prize Wnner in History. Guggenheim family; Businesspeople--United States--Biography; Art patrons--United States--Biography; Jews--United States--Biography; United States--Biography. 

(Guinness), Derek A. Wilson (1998). Dark and Light: The Story of the Guinness Family. (London, UK: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 319 p.). Guinness family; Brewers--Ireland--Biography; Brewing--Ireland--History.

(Harriman), George Kennan (1922). E.H. Harriman: A Biography. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 2 vols.). Harriman, Edward Henry, 1848-1909; Boys--Societies and clubs; Businessmen--Biography; Railroads--United States.

(Harriman), H. J. Eckenrode and Pocahontas Wight Edmunds (1933). E. H. Harriman: The Little Giant of Wall Street. (New York, NY: Greenberg, 242 p.). Harriman, Edward Henry, 1848-1909.

(Harriman), Maury Klein (2000). The Life and Legend of E.H. Harriman. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 521 p.). Harriman, Edward Henry, 1848-1909; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography; Railroads--United States--History.

(Hughes), James Phelan (1976). Howard Hughes, The Hidden Years. (New York, NY: Random House, 201 p.). Investigative Reporter. Hughes, Howard, 1905-1976; Millionaires--United States--Biography. 

(Hughes), Robert Maheu and Richard Hack (1992). Next to Hughes: Behind the Power and Tragic Downfall of Howard Hughes by His Closest Advisor. (New York, NY: HarperCollins, 289 p.). Maheu, Robert; Hughes, Howard, 1905-1976; Businessmen--United States--Biography.

(Hughes), James R. Phelan and Lewis Chester (1997). The Money: The Battle for Howard Hughes's Billions. (New York, NY: Random House, 270 p.). Investigative Reporter. Hughes, Howard, 1905-1976 --Estate.

(Hunt), Stanley H. Brown (1976). H. L. Hunt. (Chicago, IL: Playboy Press, 217 p.). Hunt, H. L.

(Hunt), Harry Hurt III (1981). Texas Rich: The Hunt Dynasty, From the Early Oil Days Through the Silver Crash. (New York, NY: Norton, 441 p.). Hunt, H. L.; Businessmen -- Texas -- Biography.

(Hunt), Stephen Fay (1982). Beyond Greed. (New York, NY: Viking, 304 p.). Hunt family; Silver.

(Hunt), Jerome Tuccille (1984). Kingdom: The Story of the Hunt Family of Texas. (Ottawa, IL: Jameson Books, 384 p.). Hunt family; Businessmen--United States--Biography; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography.

(Huntington), William B. Friedricks (1992). Henry E. Huntington and the Creation of Southern California. (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 229 p.). Huntington, Henry Edwards, 1850-1927; Businesspeople--California, Southern--Biography; Entrepreneurship--California, Southern--History--20th century.

(Huntington), James E. Thorpe (1994). Henry Edwards Huntington: A Biography. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 623 p.). Huntington, Henry Edwards, 1850-1927; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography.

(Kahn), Mary Jane Phillips-Matz (1963). The Many Lives of Otto Kahn. (New York, NY: Macmillan, 299 p.). Kahn, Otto Hermann, 1867-1934.

(Kahn), John Kobler (1988). Otto, The Magnificent: The Life of Otto Kahn. (New York, NY: Scribner, 244 p.). Kahn, Otto Hermann, 1867-1934; Kahn, Otto Hermann, 1867-1934 --Art patronage; Philanthropists--United States--Biography; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography.

(Kahn), Theresa M. Collins (2002). Otto Kahn: Art, Money & Modern Time. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 383 p.). Kahn, Otto Hermann, 1867-193; Bankers--United States--Biography; Philanthropists--United States--Biography; Art patronage--United States--History; Art and industry--United States--History.

(MacArthur), William Hoffman (1969). The Stockholder. (New York: Lyle Stuart, 192 p.). MacArthur, John Donald, 1897-.

(MacArthur), Bob Sanford (1996). John D. MacArthur, A View from the Bar: A Memoir. (Highland City, FL: Rainbow Books, 149 p.). MacArthur, John D., 1897-1978; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography.

(MacArthur), Nancy Kriplen (2008). The Eccentric Billionaire: John D. MacArthur-- Empire Builder, Reluctant Philanthropist, Relentless Adversary. (New York, NY: AMACOM/ American Management Association, 234 p.). MacArthur, John D., 1897-1978; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography; Billionaires--United States--Biography; Businesspeople--United States--Biography; Philanthropists--United States--Biography. Rose from poverty (son of fire-and-brimstone preacher), sole owner of Bankers Life and Casualty; real estate empire spanned continent; tumultuous private life; established foundation that funded NPR, liberal  causes.

(Massey), Bill Carey (2005). Master of the Big Board: The Life, Times, and Businesses of Jack Massey. (Nashville, TN: Cumberland House. Massey, Jack C., 1904-1990; Businessmen--United States--Biography; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography. First person in the history of the New York Stock Exchange to list three companies on the Big Board.

(Mellon - founded in 1869), Philip H. Love (1929). Andrew W. Mellon, The Man and His Work. (Baltimore, MD: F.H. Coggins & Co., 319 p.). Mellon, Andrew W. (Andrew William), 1855-1937; Finance, Public--United States--1901-1933; United States--Foreign relations--1923-1929.

(Mellon), Harvey O'Connor (1933). Mellon's Millions, The Biography of a Fortune; The Life and Times of Andrew W. Mellon. (New York, NY: The John Day Company, 443 p.). Mellon, Andrew W. (Andrew William), 1855-1937; Mellon family.

(Mellon), William Larimer Mellon in collaboration with Boyden Sparkes (1948). Judge Mellon's Sons. (Pittsburgh, PA: Private Printing, 570 p.). Mellon family; Mellon, Thomas, 1813-1908.; Mellon, Andrew W. (Andrew William), 1855-1937.

(Mellon), Burton Hersch (1978). The Mellon Family: A Fortune in History. (New York, NY: Morrow, 640 p.). Mellon family.

(Mellon), David E. Koskoff (1978). The Mellons: The Chronicle of America's Richest Family. (New York, NY: Crowell, 602 p.). Mellon Family.

(Mellon), Thomas Mellon; foreword by David McCullough; preface to the second edition by Paul Mellon; edited by Mary Louise Briscoe (1994). Thomas Mellon and His Times. (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 478 p. [2nd ed]). Mellon, Thomas, 1813-1908; Mellon family; Capitalists and financiers -- United States -- Biography.

(Mellon), David Cannadine (2006). Mellon: An American Life. (New York, NY: Knopf, 800 p.). Institute of Historical Research (University of London). Mellon, Andrew W. (Andrew William), 1855-1937; United States. Dept. of the Treasury--Officials and employees--Biography; Politicians--United States--Biography; Cabinet officers--United States--Biography; Diplomats--United States--Biography; Bankers--United States--Biography; Industrialists--United States--Biography; Philanthropists--United States--Biography; United States--Politics and government--1901-1953. One of America’s greatest financiers.

(Morgan), Carl Hovey (1912). The Life Story of J. Pierpont Morgan. (London, UK: William Heinemann, 352 p.). Morgan, J. Pierpont (John Pierpont), 1837-1913.

(Morgan), John K. Winkler (1930). Morgan the Magnificent; The Life of J. Pierpont Morgan (1837-1913). (New York, NY: Vanguard Press, 313 p.). Morgan, J. Pierpont (John Pierpont), 1837-1913.

(Morgan), Herbert Livingston Satterlee (1939). J. Pierpont Morgan; An Intimate Portrait. (New York, NY: Macmillan, 595 p.). Morgan, J. Pierpont (John Pierpont), 1837-1913; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography.

(Morgan), Frederick Lewis Allen (1949). The Great Pierpont Morgan. (New York, NY: Harper, 309 p.). Morgan, J. Pierpont (John Pierpont), 1837-1913.

(Morgan), George Wheeler (1973). Pierpont Morgan and Friends: The Anatomy of a Myth. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 38 p.). Morgan, J. Pierpont (John Pierpont), 1837-1913; Capitalists and financiers--United States; Finance--United States--History.

(Morgan), Andrew Sinclair (1981). Corsair: The Life of J. Pierpont Morgan. (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 269 p.). Morgan, J. Pierpont (John Pierpont), 1837-1913; Bankers--United States--Biography.

(Morgan), John Douglas Forbes (1981). J.P. Morgan, Jr., 1867-1943. (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 262 p.). Morgan, J. P. (John Pierpont), 1867-1943; Bankers--United States--Biography; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography.

(Morgan), Stanley Jackson (1983). J.P. Morgan, A Biography. (New York, NY: Stein and Day, 332 p.). Morgan, J. Pierpont (John Pierpont), 1837-1913; Bankers--United States--Biography; Capitalists and financiers--United States--Biography.

(Rothschild), Count Egon Caesar Corti, translated from the German by Brian and Beatrix Lunn (1928). The Rise of the House of Rothschild. (New York, NY: Cosmopolitan, 432 p.). Rothschild family; Europe--Politics and government--1789-1900. Author appraises the importance of the influence of the Rothschild family on the politics of the period, 1770-1830, in Europe and throughout the world.

(Rothschild), Count Egon Caesar Corti, translated from the German by Brian and Beatrix Lunn (1928). The Reign of the House of Rothschild,1830-1871. (New York, NY: Cosmopolitan, 457 p.). Rothschild family; Europe--Politics and government--1815-1871. House of Rothschild as revealed by the relevant documents from 1830 up to the peace that concluded the Franco-Prussian War in 1871.