Andrew Jackson (http://www.northcarolinahistory. org/ images/ uploaded/posts/screen_4)
Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)

January 8, 1815 - U.S. forces led by Gen. Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans, the closing engagement of the War of 1812.

March 4, 1829 - Andrew Jackson inaugurated as seventh president; upholds an inaugural tradition begun by Thomas Jefferson and hosts an "open house" at the White House; crowd swelled to more than 20,000, turned the usually dignified White House into a boisterous mob scene; 1885 - trend ended when Grover Cleveland opted instead to host a parade, which he viewed in safety from a grandstand set up in front of the White House.

March 1829 - President Andrew Jackson called for an investigation into policies and political agenda of the Second Bank of the United States. 

March 27, 1829 - President Andrew Jackson defies Washington society matrons and appoints scandal-plagued John Eaton as his secretary of war ( Eaton had married a former tavern maid with a supposedly lurid past); opponents used the "Eaton Affair" or "Petticoat Affair," as it was known, to attack the president’s moral judgment and, by extension, his administration’s policies and appointees; 1831 - Eaton Affair proved immensely divisive and politically damaging to Jackson. In response, Eaton and Martin Van Buren (Secretary of State) resigned in order to give Jackson the opportunity to overhaul his cabinet with new members and protect his presidency from further scandal.

June 19, 1829 - Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act was passed by Wellington's government as a political compromise; appled only to London; created London Metropolitan Police (Bobbies).

May 28, 1830 - President Andrew Jackson signed into law the Indian Removal Act, part of his zealous quest to acquire new territory for the nation. Despite its language suggesting a voluntary and fair "exchange" of lands, the act opened the door for the militias of trans-Appalachian and southern states to simply drive the Indians across the Mississippi by force. The Indians destination was to be an "Indian Territory" set aside west of Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas.

August 9, 1830 - Louis-Philippe formally accepts crown of France, following abdication of Charles X.

December 6, 1830 - The U.S. Naval Observatory, one of the oldest scientific agencies in the U.S., was established as the Depot of Charts and Instruments in Washington, DC; primary mission to care for the U.S. Navy's chronometers, charts and other navigational equipment; U.S. Naval Observatory is the preeminent authority in the areas of time keeping and celestial observing; determining and distributing the timing and astronomical data required for accurate navigation and fundamental astronomy.

February 3, 1831 - First general revision of the copyright law. Music added to works protected against unauthorized printing and vending. First term of copyright extended to 28 years with privilege of renewal for term of 14 years.

July 21, 1831 - Belgium became independent as Leopold I was proclaimed King of the Belgians.

August 21, 1831 - Believing himself chosen by God to lead his people out of slavery, Nat Turner launches a bloody slave insurrection in Southampton County, Virginia. Turner, a slave and educated minister, planned to capture the county armory at Jerusalem, Virginia, and then march 30 miles to Dismal Swamp, where his rebels would be able to elude their pursuers. With seven followers, he slaughtered Joseph Travis, his slave owner, and Travis' family, and then set off across the countryside, hoping to rally hundreds of slaves to his insurrection en route to Jerusalem. During the next two days and nights, Turner and 75 followers rampaged through Southampton County, killing about 60 whites. Local whites resisted the rebels, and then the state militia--consisting of some 3,000 men--crushed the rebellion. Turner himself was not captured until the end of October, and after confessing without regret to his role in the bloodshed, he was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death. On November 11, he was hanged in Jerusalem. Turner's rebellion was the largest slave revolt in U.S. history and led to a new wave of oppressive legislation prohibiting the movement, assembly, and education of slaves.

1832 - Future of Second Bank of the United States was the focal point of a bitter political campaign between the Democratic incumbent Jackson and his opponent Henry Clay. Jackson’s promises to empower the "common man" of America appealed to the voters and paved the way for his victory;

April 20, 1832 - Congress established what is now Hot Springs National Park in Arkansas; 911 acres encompassed 46 hot springs; March 4, 1921 - designated a National Park; Hot Springs is the nation's oldest national park, though not the first to carry the "National Park" designation.

July 10, 1832 - President Andrew Jackson vetoed legislation to re-charter the Second Bank of the United States. In 1828 - Biddle pushed against Andrew Jackson's campaign for the White House; worse yet, Biddle had forged an alliance with Henry Clay, the Whig Representative who had help squelch Jackson's bid for the Presidency in 1824. However, Biddle had cast his lot with the wrong side: Jackson stormed to victory and, once in the White House, vowed to extract revenge on his opponents.

December 28, 1832 -  John C. Calhoun became the first vice president of the United States to resign, stepped down over differences with President Andrew Jackson; found himself politically isolated from national affairs under Jackson; December 12, 1832 - Calhoun was elected to fill a South Carolina Senate seat left vacant after the resignation of Senator Robert Hayne. Sixteen days later, he resigned the vice presidency.

January 3, 1833 - Britain seized control of the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic.

April 9, 1833 - The nation's first tax-supported public library was founded in Peterborough, NH.

June 6, 1833 - In Ellicott's Mills, Maryland, President Andrew Jackson boards a Baltimore & Ohio Railroad train for a pleasure trip to Baltimore; first president to take a ride on the "Iron Horse," as locomotives were known.

August 23, 1833 - Britain abolishes slavery in colonies; 700,000 slaves freed.

September 10, 1833 - President Jackson announced that the government would no longer use the Second Bank of the United States, the country’s national bank; declared his intention to remove government deposits from the Bank. He then used his executive power to remove all federal funds from the bank ("Bank War"); distributed funds to various state banks, popularly known as "pet banks"; announced that deposits to the bank would not be accepted after October 1; feared nation's fiscal policies were encroaching on states' rights; believed bank symbolized how a privileged class of businessmen oppressed the will of the common people of America; 1816 - Second Bank of the United States founded (years after this first bank’s charter had expired); traditionally run by a board of directors with ties to industry and manufacturing, and therefore was biased toward the urban and industrial northern states. Jackson, the epitome of the frontiersman, resented the bank’s lack of funding for expansion into the unsettled Western territories; also objected to the bank’s unusual political and economic power and to the lack of congressional oversight over its business dealings. 1834 - Jackson's rival, Kentucky Senator Henry Clay (acting on behalf of director of the bank, Nicholas Biddle), guided two resolutions through the Senate that censured the President for overstepping his Constitutional bounds, as well as failing to provide adequate explanation for the move. 1836 - Bank's charter officially expired; removal of funds also stirred up financial troubles. Jackson inadvertently triggered a "currency crisis" and the bank-fueled Panic of 1837.

September 29, 1833 - Civil war broke out in Spain between those who believe Don Carlos deserved the throne, and supporters of Queen Isabella.

December 26 1833- Henry Clay took to the Senate floor to deliver a stern rebuke of his arch-rival, President Andrew Jackson; delivered in the form of two sharply worded resolutions, stemmed from the president's controversial decision to transfer the government's funds from the Bank of the United States to state institutions. Clay, however, also moved against the Treasury Department and targeted the second resolution at Secretary Roger Taney, who was installed in the Treasury post when the acting secretary defied Jackson's orders to remove the government's funds from the Bank of the United States. After considerable debate and deliberation, the Senate green-lighted the resolutions in March of 1834. Jackson lobbied the Senate and lodged a formal protest against the resolutions, all to no avail. January of 1834 - Senator Thomas Hart Benton succeeded where the president failed and managed to get the resolutions stripped from the Senate Journal.

January 3, 1834 - Mexican government imprisons the Texas colonizer Stephen Austin in Mexico City (his father, Moses Austin, won permission from the Mexican government in 1821 to settle 300 Anglo-American families in Texas. When Moses died before realizing his plans, Stephen took over and established the fledgling Texas community on the lower reaches of the Colorado and Brazos Rivers). Alarmed by the growing numbers of former Americans migrating to Texas (8,000 in Austin's colonies alone by 1832) and rumors the U.S. intended to annex the region, the Mexican government began to limit immigration in 1830. 1833 - a group of colonial leaders met to draft a constitution that would create a new Anglo-dominated Mexican state of Texas by splitting away from the Mexican-dominated Coahuila region it had previously been tied to. The colonists hoped that by decreasing the influence of native Mexicans, whose culture and loyalties were more closely wedded to Mexico City, they could argue more effectively for American-style reforms. President Santa Ana refused to grant Texas separate status from Coahuila and threw Austin in prison on suspicion of inciting insurrection. August 1835 - released, Austin found that the Anglo-American colonists were on the brink of rebellion. They were now demanding a Republic of Texas that would break entirely from the Mexican nation. 1836 - Austin helped lead the Texan rebels to victory over the Mexicans and assisted in the creation of the independent Republic of Texas. Defeated by Sam Houston in a bid for the presidency of the new nation, Austin instead took the position of secretary of state. He died in office later that year.

January 29, 1834 - Andrew Jackson becomes the first president to use federal troops to quell labor unrest; called on Secretary of War Lewis Cass to send Federal troops in to quell the workers; set a dangerous precedent for future labor-management relations. Workers building the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal were rebelling because of persistent poor working conditions and low pay. The canal project, initially designed by George Washington, was intended to ease transportation of goods from the Chesapeake Bay to the Ohio River Valley; construction teams consisted primarily of Irish, German, Dutch and black workers who, with primitive tools, were forced to work long hours for low wages in dangerous condition; 1850 - project was finally abandoned in 1850, with the farthest reach of the canal ending at Cumberland, Maryland.

March 6, 1834 - The city of Toronto was incorporated.

March 28, 1834 - The U.S. Senate voted to censure President Andrew Jackson for the removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States.

June 30, 1834 - Congress creates Indian Territory (now Oklahoma).

August 1, 1834 - Slavery abolished throughout British Empire.

January 30,1835 - President Andrew Jackson (67), the seventh president of the United States, survives the first attempt against the life of a U.S. president In the House chamber of the U.S. Capitol; during a funeral service honoring the late Representative Warren R. Davis of South Carolina, a man identified as Richard Lawrence, an unemployed house painter, discharged two separate pistols in the direction of President Jackson; both weapons misfired, and Lawrence was promptly subdued and arrested. During the subsequent criminal investigation, the suspect was found to be insane and was sent to a mental prison. Smithsonian lnstitute later determined that odds of both guns misfiring during the assassination attempt were one in 125,000.

July 8, 1835 - The Liberty Bell cracked when it was rung in honor of Chief Justice John Marshall, who had recently died.

October 2, 1835 - The first battle of the Texas Revolution took place as American settlers defeated a Mexican cavalry near the Guadalupe River; Mexican soldiers attempted to o take a small cannon from the village of Gonzales, sparked the Texan war for independence; encountered stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia of Texans. After a brief fight, the Mexicans retreated and the Texans kept their cannon. The determined Texans would continue to battle Mexican dictator Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana and his army for another year and a half before winning their independence and establishing the Republic of Texas.

October 17, 1835 - Texans approve a resolution to create the Texas Rangers, a corps of armed and mounted lawmen designed to "range and guard the frontier between the Brazos and Trinity Rivers." In the midst of their revolt against Mexico, Texan leaders felt they needed a semi-official force of armed men who would defend the isolated frontier settlers of the Lone Star Republic against both Santa Ana's soldiers and hostile Indians; the Texas Rangers filled this role. But after winning their revolutionary war with Mexico the following year, Texans decided to keep the Rangers, both to defend against Indian and Mexican raiders and to serve as the principal law enforcement authority along the sparsely populated Texan frontier. In the 1930s - the state won control over the Rangers, transforming it into a modern and professional law enforcement organization.

November 13, 1835 - Texans officially proclaimed independence from Mexico and called it the Lone Star Republic.

February 15, 1836 - Nicholas Biddle obtained a Pennsylvania charter for the ever-controversial second Bank of the United States. The move was a sad admission of defeat for Biddle, the embattled chief of the bank who had waged war against President Andrew Jackson throughout the early 1830s to preserve the institution's Federal status. Jackson bitterly opposed the concept of a Federal banking system.

March 2, 1836 - A convention of American Texans meets at Washington-on-the-Brazos and declares the independence of Texas from Mexico. The delegates chose David Burnet as provisional president and confirmed Sam Houston as the commander in chief of all Texan forces. The Texans also adopted a constitution that protected the free practice of slavery, which had been prohibited by Mexican law.

March 6, 1836 - The Alamo in San Antonio, Texas, fell to Mexican forces after a 13-day siege.

March 16, 1836 - The Republic of Texas approved a constitution.

April 20, 1836 - Congress established he Territory of Wisconsin.

April 21, 1836 - During the Texan War for Independence, the Texas militia under Sam Houston launches a surprise attack against the forces of Mexican General Santa Anna along the San Jacinto River. The Mexicans were thoroughly routed, and hundreds were taken prisoner, including General Santa Anna himself. Brought an end to Mexico's effort to subdue Texas. In exchange for his freedom, Santa Anna recognized Texas's independence; although the treaty was later abrogated and tensions built up along the Texas-Mexico border. Citizens of the so-called Lone Star Republic elected Sam Houston as president and endorsed the entrance of Texas into the United States. April 23, 1836 - defeated the Mexicans at San Jacinto, assuring Texas' independence. December 29, 1845 - Texas entered the United States as the 28th state, broadening the irrepressible differences in the U.S. over the issue of slavery and igniting the Mexican-American War.

June 15, 1836 - Arkansas became the 25th state.

June 23, 1836 - Legislation was approved that required the Secretary of the Treasury to designate at least one bank, so-called "pet banks," in each state and territory for the deposit of government funds.

July 1, 1836 - the U.S. Congress authorized acceptance of James Smithson's gift to establish Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC.

July 13, 1836 - Patent Numbering begins; John Ruggles, Thomaston, ME, received patent #1 for a "Locomotive Steam-Engine for Rail and Other Roads". 9,957 non-numbered patents had been issued prior to that.

September 5, 1836 - Sam Houston was elected president of the Republic of Texas; October 22, 1836 -inaugurated as the first constitutionally-elected president of the Republic of Texas.

December 7, 1836 - Martin Van Buren was elected the eighth President of the United States of America.

December 15, 1836 - A fire destroyed the U.S. Patent Office. All records of over 10,000 patents issued over 46 years were lost, most forever, and the patent models filed with them. The fire started in the basement, where firewood was stored. The fire engine company next door had unserviceable equipment and time was lost. A bucket brigade attempted to extinguish the flames. Another engine arrived too late; the fire had taken hold. Its water supply was insufficient and the fire consumed the building. Little existed in record elsewhere when an effort was made to restore the patents.

December 20, 1836 - President Andrew Jackson presents Congress with a treaty he negotiated with the Ioway, Sacs, Sioux, Fox, Otoe and Omaha tribes of the Missouri territory. The treaty, which removed those tribes from their ancestral homelands to make way for white settlement, epitomized racist 19th century presidential policies toward Native Americans. The agreement was just one of nearly 400 treaties--nearly always unequal--that were concluded between various tribes and the U.S. government between 1788 and 1883.

January 26, 1837 - Michigan became the 26th state.

John M. Belohlavek (1985). Let the Eagle Soar!: The Foreign Policy of Andrew Jackson. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 328 p.). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; United States--Foreign relations--1829-1837.

Hendrik Booraem (2001). Young Hickory: the Making of Andrew Jackson. (Dallas, TX: Taylor Trade Pub., 318 p.). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845 --Childhood and youth; Jackson family; Presidents--United States--Biography.

H. W. Brands (2005). Andrew Jackson, His Life and Times. (New York, NY: Doubleday, 704 p.). Dickson Allen Professor of History (University of Texas at Austin). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-18 ; Presidents--United States--Biography; United States--Politics and government--1829-1837. 

Andrew Burstein (2003). The Passions of Andrew Jackson. (New York, NY: Knopf, p.). Professor of History (University of Tulsa). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845 --Psychology; Presidents--United States--Biography. Author sees Jackson as a tragic Shakesperean hero, tragic flaw = "incessant pursuit of virtue in the political realm", distinguishing neither what is from what should be nor personal from political.

Max Byrd (1997). Jackson: A Novel. (New York, NY: Bantam Books, 421 p.). First Rate Historical Novelist. Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845 --Fiction; Presidents--Fiction. Biographical fiction - election of 1828 with Battle of New Orleans as a centerpiece.

Margaret L. Coit (1965). Andrew Jackson. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 154 p.). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845.

Donald B. Cole (1993). The Presidency of Andrew Jackson. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 342 p.). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; United States--Politics and government--1829-1837.

Matthew A. Crenson (1975). The Federal Machine: Beginnings of Bureaucracy in Jacksonian America. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 186 p.). Professor of Political Science (Johns Hopkins University).  Executive departments--United States--History; United States--Politics and government--1829-1837; United States--Social conditions--To 1865.

Burke Davis (1977). Old Hickory: A Life of Andrew Jackson. (New York, NY: Dial Press, 438 p.). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; Presidents--United States--Biography; United States--Politics and government--1829-1837.

Winston Groom (2006). Patriotic Fire: Andrew Jackson and Jean Laffite at the Battle of New Orleans. (New York, NY: Knopf, 320 p.). New Orleans, Battle of, New Orleans, La., 1815; Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; Laffite, Jean; Generals--United States--Biography; Pirates--Louisiana--Biography; New Orleans (La.)--History--19th century. One of the greatest battles fought on the North American continent,  two men who—against all expectations and odds—joined forces to repel the British invasion of New Orleans in December 1814. 

Marquis James (1960). Andrew Jackson, The Border Captain. (Norwalk, CT: Easton Press, 461 p. [Reprint of 1933 ed.]). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; United States. Army--Biography; Generals--United States--Biography; Presidents--United States--Biography; New Orleans (La.), Battle of, 1815.

--- (1961). Andrew Jackson, Portrait of a President. (Norwalk, CT: Easton Press, 627 p. (Reprint of 1937 ed.)). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; Presidents--United States--Biography.

John F. Marszalek (1997). The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House. (New York, NY: Free Press, 296 p.). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845 --Friends and associates; Eaton, Peggy, 1799?-1879; Van Buren, Martin, 1782-1862; Politicians--United States--Sexual behavior--History--19th century--Case studies; Women--United States--Sexual behavior--History--19th century--Case studies; Sex role--United States--History--19th century--Case studies.

Robert V. Remini (1977). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767-1821, Vol. 1. (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 502 p. [Vol. I]). Professor Emeritus of History and Humanities (University of Illinois, Chicago). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; Presidents--United States--Biography; United States--Territorial expansion; United States--Politics and government--1815-1861.

--- (1981). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822-1832, Vol. 2. (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 469 p. [Vol. II)). Professor Emeritus of History and Humanities (University of Illinois, Chicago). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; Presidents--United States--Biography; United States--Politics and government--1815-1861.

--- (1984). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833-1845, Vol. 3. (New York, NY: Harper & Row, 684 p. [Vol. III]). Professor Emeritus of History and Humanities (University of Illinois, Chicago). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; Presidents--United States--Biography; United States--Politics and government--1815-1861. National Book Award-winning biography of "Old Hickory", the miltary hero of the Battle of New Orleans, the concluding battle of the War of 1812, which definitively established America's strength, commitment and ability to defend its freedom against the British.

--- (2001). Andrew Jackson & His Indian Wars. (New York, NY: Viking, 317 p.). Professor Emeritus of History and Humanities (University of Illinois, Chicago). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845 --Relations with Indians; Indians of North America--Wars--1815-1875; Indians of North America--Relocation; Indians of North America--Government relations--1789-1869; United States--Politics and government--1829-1837; United States--Race relations. A

Robert V. Remini and Robert O. Rupp (1991). Andrew Jackson: A Bibliography. (Westport, CT: Meckler, 314 p.). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845 -- Bibliography; United States -- Politics and government -- 1829-1837 -- Bibliography; United States -- History -- War of 1812 -- Bibliography. Series: Meckler's bibliographies of the presidents of the United States.

Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (1945). The Age of Jackson. (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 577 p.). Pulitzer Prize Winner. Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; United States--Politics and government--1829-1837. "The outgrowth of a series of lectures entitled 'A reinterpretation of Jacksonian democracy' delivered at the Lowell institute in Boston in the fall of 1941."--Acknowledgements.

ed. Charles G. Sellers (1971). Andrew Jackson; A Profile. (New York, NY: Hill & Wang, 231 p.). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; Depressions--1836-1837--United States; United States--Economic conditions--To 1865. 

Peter Temin (1969). The Jacksonian Economy. (New York, NY: Norton, 208 p.). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; Depressions--1836-1837--United States; United States--Economic conditions--To 1865. 

Harry L. Watson (2006). Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America. (New York, NY: Hill and Wang, 313 p. [rev. ed.]). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845.; United States--Politics and government--1829-1837.

Sean Wilentz (2005). Andrew Jackson. (New York, NY: Times Books, 224 p.). George Henry Davis '86 Professor of History, Director of the Program in American Studies (Princeton University). Jackson, Andrew, 1767-1845; Presidents--United States--Biography; United States--Politics and government--1829-1837. 

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