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Abraham Lincoln
(1861-1865)
December 3, 1839 - Abraham
Lincoln admitted to practice law in the U.S. Circuit Court.
1840 - Lincoln was re-elected to the Illinois State
Assembly--his third term since 1834; 1846 - earned a
seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; 1848 -
lost his House seat, Lincoln returned to practicing law in the
state of Illinois, where he helped to establish the new Republican
Party. Spoke out against the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) and the
Dred Scott decision (1857), which both served to perpetuate the
practice of slavery, an institution Lincoln saw as immoral; 1858 -
defeated for Senate seat.
May 22, 1849 - Abraham Lincoln, of Springfield, IL,
received a patent for a "Manner of Buoying Vessels";
device for floating river boats grounded in shallow water over
shoals by means of inflating a set of cylinders; first American
president to receive a patent.
October 16, 1854 - An obscure lawyer and
Congressional hopeful from the state of Illinois named Abraham
Lincoln delivers a speech regarding the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which
Congress had passed five months earlier. In his speech, the future
president denounced the act and outlined his views on slavery,
which he called "immoral." He denounced members of the Democratic
Party for backing a law that "assumes there can be moral right in
the enslaving of one man by another." He believed that the law
went against the founding American principle that "all men are
created equal." Lincoln was an abolitionist at heart, but he
realized that the outlawing of slavery in states where it already
existed might lead to civil war. Instead, he advocated outlawing
the spread of slavery to new states. He hoped this plan would
preserve the Union and slowly eliminate slavery by confining it to
the South, where, he believed, "it would surely die a slow death."
Meanwhile he continued his law practice; 1859 - ran
for the U.S. Senate. Although he lost to Democrat Stephen Douglas,
Lincoln began to make a name for himself in national politics and
earned increasing support from the North and abolitionists across
the nation. It was this constituency that helped him win the
presidency in 1860.
June 16, 1858 - Newly nominated senatorial candidate
Abraham Lincoln addresses the Illinois Republican Convention in
Springfield and warns that the nation faces a crisis that could
destroy the Union. Speaking to more than 1,000 delegates in an
ominous tone, Lincoln paraphrased a passage from the New
Testament: "a house divided against itself cannot stand." The
issue dividing the nation was slavery’s place in the growing
western territories and the extent of federal power over
individual states’ rights. Lincoln lost the close Senate race of
1858 to the more moderate Stephen Douglas, who advocated states’
sovereignty. Lincoln’s eloquent speech, though, earned him
national attention and his strong showing in the polls encouraged
the people to back his ultimately successful bid for the
presidency in 1860.
August 21, 1858 - The first of seven
famous debates, mainly about slavery, between U. S. Senatorial
candidates Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas began in Ottawa,
IL.
March 4, 1861 - Abraham Lincoln took the oath of
office (below ) as the 16th president: promised not to interfere with the
institution of slavery where it existed, and he pledged to suspend
the activities of the federal government temporarily in areas of
hostility. However, he also took a firm stance against secession
and the seizure of federal property, insisted he would "hold,
occupy, and possess" its property and collect its taxes;
seven states seceded, and the Confederate
States of America formally established, with Jefferson Davis as
its elected president. One month later, the American Civil War
began when Confederate forces under General P.G.T. Beauregard
opened fire on Union-held Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
(http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/civil/lincoln2_3)
March 4, 1861 - President Lincoln opens Government
Printing Office.
March 11, 1861 - In Montgomery, Alabama, delegates
from South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas adopt the Permanent Constitution of the
Confederate States of America. More comparable to the Articles of
Confederation--the initial post-Revolutionary War U.S.
constitution--in its delegation of extensive powers to the states.
The constitution also contained substantial differences from the
U.S. Constitution in its protection of slavery, which was
"recognized and protected" in slave states and territories.
However, in congruence with U.S. policy since the beginning of the
19th century, the foreign slave trade was prohibited. The
constitution provided for six-year terms for the president and
vice president, and the president was ineligible for successive
terms. Although a presidential item veto was granted, the power of
the central Confederate government was sharply limited by its
dependence on state consent for the use of any funds and
resources. Confederate States of America never won foreign
recognition as an independent government.
April 12, 1861 - Civil War began as Confederate
shore batteries under General P.G.T. Beauregard open fire on
Union-held Fort Sumter in South Carolina's Charleston Bay. During
the next 34 hours, 50 Confederate guns and mortars launched more
than 4,000 rounds at the poorly supplied fort; April 13
- U.S. Major Robert Anderson surrendered the fort; April 15
- U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for
75,000 volunteer soldiers to quell the Southern "insurrection."
March 4, 1861 - a total of seven states (Texas had
joined the pack) had seceded from the Union, and federal troops
held only Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Fort Pickens off the
Florida coast, and a handful of minor outposts in the South. Four
years after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter, the Confederacy
was defeated at the total cost of 620,000 Union and Confederate
soldiers dead.
April 15, 1861 - President Abraham Lincoln declared
a state of insurrection and called out Union troops three days
after the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
April 16, 1861 - U.S. president Lincoln outlaws
business with confederate states.
April 17, 1861 - The Virginia State Convention voted
to secede from the Union.
April 27, 1861 - President Abe Lincoln
suspends writ of habeas corpus.
April 30, 1861 - President Lincoln ordered Federal
Troops to evacuate Indian Territory.
May 6, 1861 - Arkansas seceded from the Union.
May 16, 1861 - Tennessee officially admitted to the
Confederacy.
May 20, 1861 - North Carolina voted to secede from
the Union. The capital of the Confederacy was moved from
Montgomery, AL to Richmond, VA.
May 25, 1861 - President Abraham Lincoln decided to
suspend the right of habeas corpus, and the general in command of
Fort McHenry refused to turn John Merryman, a state legislator
from Maryland, is arrested for attempting to hinder Union troops
from moving from Baltimore to Washington during the Civil War,
over to the authorities. Federal judge Roger Taney, the chief
justice of the Supreme Court issued a ruling that President
Lincoln did not have the authority to suspend habeas corpus.
Lincoln didn't respond, appeal, or order the release of Merryman.
But during a July 4 speech, Lincoln was defiant, insisting that he
needed to suspend the rules in order to put down the rebellion in
the South. Five years later, a new Supreme Court essentially
backed Justice Taney's ruling.
July 4, 1861 - In a special session of 27th Congress
Lincoln requests 400,000 troops.
July 20, 1861 - The Congress of the Confederate
States began holding sessions in Richmond, Virginia.
July 25, 1861 - Congress passes The
Crittenden-Johnson Resolution passes (Senator John Crittenden from
Kentucky), declaring that the war is being waged for the reunion
of the states and not to interfere with the institutions of the
South, namely slavery (be confused with the Crittenden
Compromise—a plan circulated after the Southern states began
seceding from the Union that proposed to protect slavery as an
enticement to keep the Southern states from leaving—which was
defeated in Congress). The measure was important in keeping the
pivotal states of Missouri, Kentucky, and Maryland in the Union.
Although the measure was passed in Congress, it meant little when,
just two weeks later, President Lincoln signed a confiscation act,
allowing for the seizure of property—including slaves—from
rebellious citizens. Still, for the first year and a half of the
Civil War, reunification of the United States was the official
goal of the North. It was not until Lincoln's Emancipation
Proclamation of September 1862 that slavery became a goal.
August 5, 1861 - The federal government levied an
income tax for the first time; President Lincoln signed the
Revenue Act to raise cash to pursue the Civil War; Lincoln and
Congress agreed to impose a 3 percent tax on annual incomes over
$800. Act broadly written, defined income as gain "derived from
any kind of property, or from any professional trade, employment,
or vocation carried on in the United States or elsewhere or from
any source whatever." (According to the U.S. Treasury Department,
the comparable minimum taxable income in 2003, after adjustments
for inflation, would have been approximately $16,000). 1871
- Congress repealed Lincoln’s tax law; 1909 -
Congress passed the 16th Amendment, set in place the federal
income-tax system used today; 1913 - Congress
ratified the 16th Amendment.
August 16, 1861 - President Abraham Lincoln
prohibited the states of the Union from trading with the seceding
states of the Confederacy.
October 24, 1861 - Western Union Telegraph Company
link the eastern and western telegraph networks of the nation at
Salt Lake City, UT, completing a transcontinental line that for
the first time allows instantaneous communication between
Washington, DC, and San Francisco (eight years before the
transcontinental railroad would be completed). Stephen J. Field,
chief justice of California, sent the first transcontinental
telegram to President Abraham Lincoln, predicting that the new
communication link would help ensure the loyalty of the western
states to the Union during the Civil War; 1860 -
Congress authorized a subsidy of $40,000 a year to any company
building a telegraph line that would join the eastern and western
networks. The Western Union Telegraph Company took up the
challenge and immediately began work on the critical link that
would span the territory between the western edge of Missouri and
Salt Lake City.
October 24, 1861 - West Virginia seceded from
Virginia.
November 6, 1861 - Jefferson Davis was elected to a
6-year term as president of the Confederacy. February 4,
1861 - newly seceded states met in Montgomery, AL. He
expressed great fear about what lay ahead. "Upon my weary heart
was showered smiles, plaudits, and flowers, but beyond them I saw
troubles and thorns innumerable." He ran without opposition, and
the election simply confirmed the decision that had been made by
the Confederate Congress earlier in the year.
December 9, 1861 - Joint Committee on the Conduct of
the War ("War Committee") created, in the aftermath of the
disastrous Battle of Ball's Bluff in October 1864, to monitor
military progress and Lincoln administration's management of the
war (stacked with Radical Republicans and staunch abolitionists);
investigated union defeats, fraud in government war contracts,
treatment of Union prisoners held in the South, alleged atrocities
committed by Confederate troops against Union soldiers, Sand Creek
Massacre of Indians in Colorado; War Committee was often at odds
with the Lincoln administration's handling of the war effort.
January 27, 1862 - President Lincoln issues General
War Order No. 1, ordering all land and sea forces to advance on
February 22, 1862. This bold move sent a message to his commanders
that the president was tired of excuses and delays in seizing the
offensive against Confederate forces. sense of urgency to all the
military leaders, and it worked in the West. Union armies in
Tennessee began to move, and General Ulysses S. Grant captured
Forts Henry and Donelson on the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers,
respectively. McClellan, however, did not respond.
February 25, 1862 - U.S. Congress passed the Legal
Tender Act, authorized the use of paper notes, called
"greenbacks", to pay the government's bills. This ended the
long-standing policy of using only gold or silver in transactions,
and it allowed the government to finance the enormously costly war
long after its gold and silver reserves were depleted; greenbacks
were legal tender, which meant that creditors had to accept them
at face value. The same year, Congress passed an income tax and
steep excise taxes, both of which cooled the inflationary
pressures created by the greenbacks; 1863 - another
legal tender act passed; by Civil War's end nearly a half-billion
dollars in greenbacks had been issued. The Legal Tender Act laid
the foundation for the creation of a permanent currency in the
decades after the Civil War.
March 11, 1862 - President Lincoln issues War Order
No. 3, a measure making several changes at the top of the Union
command structure. He created three departments, placing Henry
Halleck in charge of the west, John C. Fremont in command of
troops in the Appalachian region, and George McClellan in the
east; most significant change in the order removed McClellan from
his post as General-in-Chief of all Union armies; Halleck was
elevated to General-in-Chief five months later.
March 17, 1862 - U.S. Treasury sanctioned two issues
of greenbacks ($450 million of paper money minted to support the
Union during the Civil War, not backed to any form of metal);
1875 - Resumption Act passed to stem flow of
greenbacks.
April 16, 1862 - President Abraham Lincoln signed
the District of Columbia’s Compensated Emancipation Act (only
example of compensated emancipation in the United States).
Three-way approach of immediate emancipation, compensation, and
colonization freed 3,100 slaves in Washington, DC, 9 months before
slaves were freed elsewhere in the United States. The law provided
for immediate emancipation, compensation of up to $300 for each
slave to loyal Unionist masters, voluntary colonization of former
slaves to colonies outside the United States, and payments of up
to $100 to each person choosing emigration. Over the next 9
months, the federal government paid almost $1 million for the
freedom of approximately 3,100 former slaves.
May 5, 1862 - During the French-Mexican War, a
poorly supplied and outnumbered Mexican army of 2,000 Mexicans
under Texas-born General Ignacio Zaragoza defeats a French army,
6,000 French troops under General Charles Latrille de Lorencez,
attempting to capture Puebla de Los Angeles, a small town in
east-central Mexico. When the French finally retreated they had
lost nearly 500 soldiers to the fewer than 100 Mexicans killed.
Victory at the Battle of Puebla represented a great moral victory
for the Mexican government, symbolizing the country's ability to
defend its sovereignty against threat by a powerful foreign
nation. Victory at Puebla tightened Mexican resistance, and six
years later France withdrew. Mexicans celebrate the anniversary of
the Battle of Puebla as Cinco de Mayo, a national holiday in
Mexico.
May 15, 1862 - An Act of Congress
created the US Department of Agriculture; Isaac Newton, the head
of the Agricultural Division of the Patent Office, became the
first Commissioner of Agriculture; February 9, 1889
- the Commissioner of Agriculture became the Secretary of
Agriculture with Cabinet rank.
May 20, 1862 - President Abraham Lincoln signed into
law the Homestead Act, a program designed to grant 250 million
acres of public land to small family farmers ('homesteaders') at
low cost (to get land into the hands of productive farmers). Act
allowed an adult over the age of 21, male or female, to claim 160
acres of land from the public domain. Eligible persons had to
cultivate the land and improve it by building a barn or house, and
live on the claim for five years, at which time the land became
theirs with a $10 filing fee. If settlers wished to obtain title
earlier, they could do so after six months by paying $1.25 an
acre.
June 19, 1862 - Slavery was outlawed in U.S.
territories.
June 24, 1862 - President Abraham Lincoln meets with
retired General Winfield Scott at West Point to discuss Union
strategy in Virginia; visit fueled Lincoln's disenchantment with
military advice. Scott - hero of the Mexican War and the commander
of all Union forces at the outbreak of the Civil War. Lincoln had
doubts about George McClellan's ability to lead the Army of the
Potomac, which was stuck in a stalemate with Robert E. Lee's Army
of Northern Virginia outside of Richmond. He also sought Scott's
opinion on the various Federal armies operating in northern
Virginia. Scott recommended that Irwin McDowell's corps be sent to
aid McClellan on the James Peninsula, since a defeat of Lee at
Richmond would, in Scott's words, "be a virtual end of the
rebellion." Lincoln did not move McDowell's force. Instead,
Lincoln consolidated McDowell's corps with the commands of John C.
Fremont and Nathaniel Banks, who had recently been bested by
Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley. John Pope, under whom
Fremont refused to serve and so went on inactive duty, led the
newly formed Army of Virginia. This new army would face its first
test in August at the Second Battle of Bull Run, where it suffered
a humiliating defeat.
July 1, 1862 - United States Congress passed
the Revenue Act: imposed a three-percent tax on people with
incomes between $600 to $10,000; and also called for a
five-percent levy on people with incomes reaching over $10,000;
created the Bureau of Internal Revenue, a government agency which
was charged with collecting the revenue generated by the new
taxes. Revenue Act and its attendant package of taxes were allowed
to lapse into legislative oblivion after the Civil War; 1913
- Sixteenth Amendment was added to the Constitution. Along with
sanctioning the income tax, the amendment paved the path for the
opening of the Internal Revenue Service.
July 1, 1862 - Congress outlawed polygamy
(first time).
July 2, 1862 - President Lincoln signs
Morrill Act (Land Grant College Act); introduced by Vermont
congressman Justin Smith Morrill; granted land for state
agricultural colleges; originally established institutions in each
state that would educate people in agriculture, home economics,
mechanical arts, and other professions that were practical at the
time; gave each state 30,000 acres of public land for each Senator
and Representative. These numbers were based on the census of
1860; land was then to be sold and the money from the sale of the
land was to be put in an endowment fund which would provide
support for the colleges in each of the states; purpose of
education shifted from the classical studies and allowed for more
applied studies that would prepare the students for the world that
they would face once leaving the classroom; gave education support
directly from the government.
July 12, 1862 - Congress authorized the Medal of
Honor.
July 17, 1862 - President Lincoln approves the
Confiscation Act, which declares that any slaves whose owners were
in rebellion against the government, would be freed when they came
into contact with the Union army.
July 22, 1862 - President Abraham Lincoln informs
his chief advisors and cabinet that he will issue a proclamation
to free slaves, but adds that he will wait until the Union Army
has achieved a substantial military victory to make the
announcement. August 1862 - letter to New York
Tribune editor Horace Greeley, Lincoln confessed "my paramount
object in this struggle is to save the Union, and it is not either
to save or to destroy slavery." He hoped a strong statement
declaring a national policy of emancipation would stimulate a rush
of the South’s slaves into the ranks of the Union Army, thus
depleting the Confederacy’s labor force, on which it depended to
wage war against the North. September 22, 1862 -
after a victory at Antietam, he publicly announced a preliminary
Emancipation Proclamation, declaring all slaves in the rebel
states, that were beyond Union
occupation (outside of federal control as of
1862), fee as of January 1, 1863. The proclamation
did not address the contentious issue of slavery within the
nation’s border states. In his attempt to appease all parties,
Lincoln left many loopholes open that civil rights advocates would
be forced to tackle in the future. Proclamation
did not technically free
any slaves; redefined the Union's war aim from reunification to
the abolition of slavery; effectively sabotaged Confederate
attempts to secure recognition by foreign governments, especially
Great Britain; isolated the Confederacy and
killed the institution that was the root of sectional differences; Southern cause now viewed as the defense of slavery;
branded Confederate States as a slave nation, rendered foreign aid
impossible.
August 29, 1862 - Bureau of Engraving and Printing
founded; originally housed in the basement of the Treasury
Building, had a staff of six (didn't print notes, separated $1 and
$2 United States Notes produced by private companies); 1863
- bureau started printing notes; 1887 - assumed full
responsibility for producing the nation's currency.
September 1, 1862 - Federal tax levied on tobacco.
September 22, 1862 - President Abraham Lincoln
issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, declaring all
slaves in rebel states should be free as of January 1, 1863.
http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/
0922.html#article
September 24, 1862 - Confederate Congress adopts
confederacy seal.
October 8, 1862 - Otto von Bismarck becomes German
republic chancellor.
November 2, 1862 - Mary Todd Lincoln corresponded
with her husband, advising him of popular sentiment against
General in Chief of the Federal Army George B. McClellan. Shortly
after receiving this letter, Abraham Lincoln removed McClellan
from his command.
November 14, 1862 - President Lincoln approves of
General Ambrose Burnside's plan to capture the Confederate capital
at Richmond, Virginia (days after Burnside assumed command of the
army from George McClellan due to his reluctance to attack the
Confederate army in Virginia); an ill-fated move, led to the
disastrous Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, in which the
Army of the Potomac was dealt one of its worst defeats at the
hands of General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.
December 1, 1862 - President Lincoln addresses the
U.S. Congress to present a moderate message concerning his policy
towards slavery and speaks some of his most memorable words as he
discusses the Northern war effort. He mentioned gradual,
compensated emancipation of slaves, which many moderates and
conservatives desired, but he also asserted that the slaves
liberated thus far by Union armies would remain forever free.
Lincoln's closing paragraph was a touching statement on the trials
of the time: "The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the
stormy present...fellow citizens, we cannot escape history...The
fiery trial through which we pass will light us down, in honor or
dishonor, to the latest generation. We say we are for the Union.
The world will not forget that we say this. We know how to save
the Union...In giving freedom to the slave, we ensure freedom to
the free--honorable alike in what we give, and what we preserve.
We shall nobly save, or meanly lose, the last, best hope of
earth."
December 31, 1862 - President Abraham Lincoln signed
an act admitting West Virginia to the Union.
January 1, 1863 -
President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation,
declaring that slaves in rebel states were free; had the effect on
British opinion that Lincoln desired. Britain, which was
ideologically opposed to slavery, could no longer recognize the
Confederacy and goodwill towards the Union forces swelled in
Britain. With this measure, Lincoln effectively isolated the
Confederacy and killed the institution that was the root of
sectional differences.
January 1, 1863 - A civil war
veteran and doctor named
named Daniel Freeman submits the first claim under the new
Homestead Act for a property near Beatrice, NE;
By the end of the Civil War, some 15,000 land claims had been
made. 1890 - only about three percent of the lands west of
the Mississippi had been given away under the act. This measure
was far less effective in making vacant land productive than were
liberal mining laws and grants to railroads. Many
homesteaders found that only marginal semi-arid tracts were still
available for homesteading (best western land for claim under the
Homestead Act and instead let it pass into the hands of railroads
and speculators). Profitable farming on only 160 acres of such dry
land was nearly impossible, and at least half of the original
homesteaders abandoned their claims before they gained title to
the property. In the early 20th century, the claim sizes were
gradually increased to as much as 640 acres, making irrigation and
efficient large-scale farming techniques feasible. Thus, while the
majority of early homesteads failed, more than 1.6 million farmers
and ranchers eventually fulfilled their contracts and became
landowners in the West. 1900 - 600,000
claims had been made for some 80 million acres of public land.
Although numerous claims continued to be made into the 20th
century, the mechanization of American agriculture in the 1930s
and 1940s led to the replacement of individual homesteads with a
smaller number of much larger farms. 1976 - Act was officially repealed by
Congress. 1979 - one last title for 80 acres in Alaska was given
to Kenneth Deardorff.
February 24, 1863 - Arizona was organized as a
territory.
February 25, 1863 - Lincoln signs National Currency
Act; established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, a
bureau governed by the Secretary of the Treasury, to begin the
first steps to a nationwide circulation of standardized currency;
set chartering standards for national banks,
permitted these banks to issue currency; June 3, 1864
- National Bank Act of 1864 revised chartering and reserve
requirements for national banks.
March 3, 1863 - US Congress passed Enrollment Act, a
conscription act that produced the first wartime draft of US
citizens in American history; called for
registration of all males between the ages of 20 and 45, including
aliens with the intention of becoming citizens, by April 1.
Exemptions from the draft could be bought for $300 or by finding a
substitute draftee. This clause led to bloody draft riots in New
York City, where protesters were outraged that exemptions were
effectively granted only to the wealthiest U.S. citizens.
March 3, 1863 - President Abraham Lincoln approved
the Act of Congress to establish the National Academy of Sciences;
Act stipulated that the Academy would "whenever called upon by any
department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment or
report upon any subject of science or art"; Academy would receive
no compensation, actual expenses incurred for the Government's
requirements were to be paid from appropriations; 1683 - Boston
Philosophical Society founded.
March 4, 1863 - President Abraham Lincoln signed an
act creating Idaho Territory.
April 1, 1863 - The first US wartime conscription
law was enacted.
May 27, 1863 - Chief Justice Roger B. Taney issues
ex parte Merryman, challenging the authority of Abraham Lincoln
and the military to suspend the writ of habeas corpus in Maryland
(between Washington and Philadelphia to give military authorities
the necessary power to silence dissenters and rebels. Under this
order, commanders could arrest and detain individuals who were
deemed threatening to military operations. Those arrested could be
held without indictment or arraignment); May 25 -
John Merryman, a vocal secessionist, was arrested in Cockeysville,
Maryland. He was held at Ft. McHenry in Baltimore, where he
appealed for his release under a writ of habeas corpus. Lincoln
justified the suspension through Article I, Section 9, of the
Constitution, which specifies a suspension of the writ "when in
cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it."
Merryman was remanded to civil authorities in July and allowed to
post bail. He was never brought to trial, and the charges of
treason against him were dropped two.
June 15, 1863 - President Abraham Lincoln calls for
help in protecting the capital. Lincoln put out an emergency call
for 100,000 troops from the state militias of Pennsylvania,
Maryland, Ohio, and West Virginia. Although the troops were not
needed, and the call could not be fulfilled in such a short time,
it was an indication of how little the Union authorities knew of
Lee's movements and how vulnerable they thought the Federal
capital was.
June 20, 1863 - West Virginia is admitted into the
Union as the 35th U.S. state, or the 24th state if the secession
of the 11 Southern states were taken into account. The same day,
Arthur Boreman was inaugurated as West Virginia's first state
governor.
July
13, 1863 - Draft riots in New York City began; Democratic
Irish were particularly vocal in their opposition, felt the war
was being forced upon them by Protestant Republicans and feared
that emancipation of slaves would jeopardize their jobs. Their
fears were confirmed when black laborers replaced striking Irish
dock workers the month before the riots. At first, the targets
included local newspapers, wealthy homes, well-dressed men, and
police officers, but the crowd's attention soon turned to African
Americans. Several blacks were lynched, and businesses employing
blacks were burned. A black orphanage was also burned, but the
children escaped. July 17 - violence contained by
the arrival of Union troops, some fresh from the battlefield at
Gettysburg. More than 1,000 died and property damage topped $2
million. The draft was temporarily suspended, and a revised
conscription began in August. As a result of the riots and the
delicate political balance in the city, relatively few New Yorkers
were forced to serve in the Union army.
July 30, 1863 - President Lincoln issues
"eye-for-eye" order to shoot a rebel prisoner for every black
prisoner shot.
October 3, 1863 - President Abraham Lincoln
expressing gratitude for a pivotal Union Army victory at
Gettysburg, announces that the nation will celebrate an official
Thanksgiving holiday on Thursday, November 26, 1863; declared that
the fourth Thursday of every November thereafter would be
considered an official U.S. holiday of Thanksgiving. (as "a
restorative myth of national origins").
October 13, 1863 - Voters of Ohio send Clement
Vallandigham to a resounding defeat in the fall gubernatorial
election. As leader of the Copperheads, or antiwar Democrats,
Vallandigham was an important and highly visible critic of the
Republican's war policy, particularly the emancipation of slaves.
1858 - Vallandigham was elected to the House of
Representatives. He was a Democrat and disapproved of slavery, but
he admired Southern society and disagreed with starting a war over
the issue of slave emancipation. He advocated states rights and
generally agreed with most Southern political views. When the war
began, he became a vociferous critic of both the method and war
aims of the Republicans. As the war turned bloodier and it became
clear that a Union victory would take years, Vallandigham began to
gather supporters, and he became recognized as the leader of the
Peace Democrats, or Copperheads. When the Lincoln administration
began to curtail civil liberties, Vallandigham's criticism placed
him in increasing jeopardy. 1863 - General Ambrose
Burnside issued Order No. 38, which stated that public criticism
of the war would not be tolerated. May 8, 1863 -
Vallandigham defied the order, and he was arrested. He was tried
on charges of "expressing treasonable sympathy" with the enemy,
and he was found guilty by a military tribunal in Cincinnati.
May 25, 1863 -
He was banished to the Confederacy. After a short stay there,
Vallandigham relocated to Windsor, Ontario, and, despite his
exile, mounted a campaign to become the Ohio governor.
Vallandigham lost by more than 100,000 votes out of a half million
ballots cast. 1864 - He returned to the United State
and continued his criticism of "King Lincoln," as he called the
president. Lincoln ignored him, but Vallandigham helped write the
1864 Democratic platform. By insisting that a statement be
included declaring the war a failure and calling for an immediate
end to fighting, Vallandigham helped ensure a Democratic defeat.
November 18, 1863 - President Lincoln boards a
train for Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to deliver a short speech at
the dedication for the cemetery of soldiers killed during the
battle there on July 1 to 3, 1863; accompanied by an entourage
that included Secretary of State William Seward, Postmaster
General Montgomery Blair, Interior Secretary John Usher, Lincoln's
personal secretaries John Hay and John Nicolay, several members of
the diplomat corps, some foreign visitors, a Marine band, and a
military escort.
November 19, 1863 - President Lincoln delivered
the Gettysburg Address (272 words delivered in two minutes) as he
dedicated a national cemetery at the site of the Civil War
battlefield in Pennsylvania; on the platform: Governors Bradford,
of Maryland; Curtin, of Pennsylvania; Morton, of Indiana; Seymour,
of New York; Parker, of New Jersey, and Tod, of Ohio; Ex-Gov.
Dennison, of Ohio; John Brough, Governor Elect, of Ohio; Charles
Anderson, Lieutenant-Governor of Ohio; Major-Generals Schenck,
Stahel, Doubleday, and Couch; Brigadier-General Gibbon; and
Provost-Marshal-General Fry.
December 8, 1863 - President Abraham Lincoln
announced plan for reunification of the nation with his
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (seized the initiative
for reconstruction from Congress); proclamation addressed three
main areas of concern: 1) it allowed for a full pardon for and
restoration of property to all engaged in the rebellion with the
exception of the highest Confederate officials and military
leaders; 2) it allowed for a new state government to be formed
when 10 percent of the eligible voters had taken an oath of
allegiance to the United States; 3) the southern states admitted
in this fashion were encouraged to enact plans to deal with the
freed slaves so long as their freedom was not compromised. Terms
of the plan were easy for most southerners to accept.
1864 - First Geneva Convention dealt exclusively
with care for wounded soldiers; the law was later adapted to cover
warfare at sea and prisoners of war; 1949 -
Conventions were revised and expanded.
March 1, 1864 - President Lincoln nominates Ulysses
S. Grant for the newly revived rank of lieutenant general
(replaced Henry Halleck as the commander of all Union armies). At
the time, George Washington was the only other man to have held
that rank. Winfield Scott also attained the title but by brevet
only; he did not actually command with it; promotion carried Grant
to the supreme command of Union forces and capped one of the most
remarkable success stories of the war.
April 22, 1864 - Congress authorized the use of the
phrase ''In God We Trust'' on U.S. coins.
May 4, 1864 - House of Representatives approves the
Wade-Davis Reconstruction Bill over Lincoln's objections.
May 19, 1864 - President Abraham Lincoln
writes to anti-slavery Congressional leader Senator Charles Sumner
of Massachusetts on this day in 1864, proposing that widows and
children of soldiers should be given equal treatment regardless of
race. Senator Sumner influenced Congressional members in 1866 to
introduce a resolution (H.R. 406, Section 13) to provide for the
equal treatment of the dependents of black soldiers.
May 26, 1864 - President Abraham Lincoln signed an
act establishing the Montana Territory. Sidney Edgerton, the
territory's first governor, fled after suffering through several
months of Indian raids. Significant U.S. settlement did not begin
in Montana until the 1850s, when the discovery of gold brought
people to mining camps such as those at Bannack and Virginia City.
1864 - Montana was deemed worthy of territorial
status and 25 years later entered the Union as the 41st state.
June 7, 1864 - Abraham Lincoln was nominated for a
second term as president at the Republican Party convention in
Baltimore.
June 14, 1864 - Congress rules Black soldiers must
receive equal pay.
June 15, 1864 - Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton
signed an order establishing a military burial ground, which
became Arlington National Cemetery.
June 30, 1864 - President Abraham Lincoln signed the
Yosemite Land Grant.
July 2, 1864 - Congress passes the Wade-Davis
Bill, requiring a majority of a seceded state's white citizens to
take an oath of loyalty to the Constitution and guarantee black
equality, but President Abraham Lincoln pocket vetoes the harsh
plan for dealing with the defeated Confederate states.
August 22, 1864 - First Geneva Convention. Twelve nations signed an
international treaty, commonly known as the Geneva Convention (for
the Amelioration of the "Condition of the Wounded and Sick in
Armed Forces in the Field"); agreed to guarantee neutrality to
sanitary personnel, to expedite supplies for their use, and to
adopt a special identifying emblem - in virtually all instances a
red cross on a field of white.
October 31, 1864 - President Abraham Lincoln
proclaimed Nevada the 36th state in the Union. Nevada had only
40,000 inhabitants, considerably short of the 60,000 normally
required for statehood. But the 1859 discovery of the incredibly
large and rich silver deposits at Virginia City had rapidly made
the region one of the most important and wealthy in the West. The
decisive factor in easing the path to Nevada's statehood was
President Lincoln's proposed 13th Amendment banning slavery.
Throughout his administration Lincoln had appointed territorial
officials in Nevada who were strong Republicans, and he knew he
could count on the congressmen and citizens of a new state of
Nevada to support him in the coming presidential election and to
vote for his proposed amendment. Since time was so short, the
Nevada constitutional delegation sent the longest telegram on
record up to that time to Washington, D.C., containing the entire
text of the proposed state constitution and costing the then
astronomical sum of $3,416.77. Their speedy actions paid off with
quick congressional approval of statehood and the new state of
Nevada did indeed provide strong support for Lincoln. On January
31, 1865, Congress approved the 13th Amendment to the U.S.
Constitution banning slavery.
November 8, 1864 - Lincoln reelected; defeated
Democratic challenger George B. McClellan, former commander of the
Union Army of the Potomac; Lincoln carried all but three states
(Kentucky, New Jersey, Delaware), won 55 percent of the vote.; won
212 electoral votes to McClellan's 21; 78 percent of the Union
troops voted for their commander in chief, including 71 percent of
McClellan's old command, the Army of the Potomac.
January 31, 1865 - U.S. House of Representatives
passes the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, abolished slavery
in the United States (yeas 119, nays 56, seven votes above the
necessary two-thirds majority); December 1865 -
states ratify. It read, "Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude...shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction"; September 1862 - Lincoln issued
the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in areas that
were still in rebellion against the Union. This measure opened the
issue of what to do about slavery in border states that had not
seceded or in areas that had been captured by the Union before the
proclamation.
February 3, 1865
- President Abraham Lincoln and Confederate Vice President
Alexander H. Stephens held a peace conference aboard a ship off
the Virginia coast. The talks deadlocked over the issue of
Southern autonomy. New York Tribune editor and abolitionist Horace
Greeley provided the impetus for the conference when he contacted
Francis Blair, a Maryland aristocrat and presidential adviser.
Greeley suggested that Blair was the "right man" to open
discussions with the Confederates to end the war. Blair sought
permission from Lincoln to meet with Confederate President
Jefferson Davis, and he did so twice in January 1865. Blair
suggested to Davis that an armistice be forged and the two sides
turn their attention to removing the French-supported regime of
Maximilian in Mexico. This plan would help cool tensions between
North and South by providing a common enemy, he believed. Lincoln
replied that the only way to end the war was: 1) "for those who
were resisting the laws of the Union to cease that resistance" and
2) immediate reunification and the laying down of Confederate arms
before anything else was discussed. Conference ended after less
than five hours and the delegation left with no concessions.
February 12, 1865 (Lincoln's 56th birthday) - Rev.
Dr. Henry Highland Garnet, the first African American to address
the U.S. House of Representatives (former slave himself, escaped
to the North in 1824, pastor of the 15th Street Presbyterian
Church in Washington, DC), delivers a sermon to a crowded House
chamber. His sermon commemorated the victories of the Union army
and the deliverance of the country from slavery; 1881 - appointed
U.S. minister to Liberia but died only two months after his
arrival in the African nation.
February 22, 1865 - Tennessee adopted a new
constitution abolishing slavery.
March 3, 1865 - President Lincoln signs a bill
creating the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.
Known as the Freedmen's Bureau, this federal agency oversaw the
difficult transition of blacks from slavery to freedom; not able
to provide long-term protection for blacks, nor did it ensure any
real measure of equality, it did signal the introduction of the
federal government into issues of social welfare and labor
relations.
March 4, 1865 - President Lincoln inaugurated
for his 2nd term as president: expressed his desire for the war to
end, extended a gracious hand to the South; within six weeks, the
war was over, assassin had killed Abraham Lincoln.
March 20, 1865 - A plan by John Wilkes Booth to
abduct President Abraham Lincoln was foiled when Lincoln changed
plans and failed to appear at the Soldier's Home near Washington,
DC.
March 27, 1865 - President Lincoln meets with
Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman at City Point, Virginia,
to plot the last stages of the war. Lincoln came to Virginia just
as Grant was preparing to attack Confederate General Robert E.
Lee's lines around Petersburg and Richmond, an assault that
promised to end the siege that had dragged on for 10 months.
Meanwhile, Sherman's force was steamrolling northward through the
Carolinas. The three architects of Union victory met for the first
time as a group--Sherman and Lincoln had never met--to plot the
final destruction of the Confederacy. Grant and Sherman
confidently assured the president that the end was in sight.
Lincoln emphasized to his generals that any surrender terms must
preserve the Union war aims of emancipation and a pledge of
equality for the freed slaves.
April 2, 1865 - Confederate President Jefferson
Davis and most of his Cabinet fled the Confederate capital of
Richmond, VA.
April 4, 1865 - President Abraham Lincoln visits the
Confederate capital a day after Union forces capture it;
accompanied by a small group of soldiers and a growing entourage
of freed slaves, walked to the Confederate White House and sat in
President Jefferson Davis's chair. He walked to the Virginia
statehouse and saw the chambers of the Confederate Congress.
Lincoln even visited Libby Prison, where thousands of Union
officers were held during the war. Lincoln remained a few more
days in hopes that Robert E. Lee's army would surrender, but on
April 8 he headed back to Washington.
April 9, 1865 - Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee
surrendered his army to Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox
Court House in Virginia. For more than a week, Lee had tried to
outrun Grant to the west of Richmond and Petersburg. After a
ten-month siege of the two cities, the Union forces broke through
the defenses and forced Lee to retreat. The Confederates moved
along the Appomattox River, with Union General Phillip Sheridan
shadowing them to the south. Lee's army had little food, and they
began to desert in large numbers on the retreat. When Lee arrived
at Appomattox, he found that his path was blocked. He had not
choice but to request a meeting with Grant. Grant offered generous
terms. Officers could keep their side arms, and all men would be
immediately released to return home. Any officers and enlisted men
who owned horses could take them home, Grant said, to help put
crops in the field and carry their families through the next
winter. These terms, said Lee, would have "the best possible
effect upon the men," and "will do much toward conciliating our
people." The papers were signed and Lee prepared to return to his
men. The surrender took place in the parlor of Wilmer McClean's
home. McClean had once lived along the banks of Bull Run, the site
of the first major battle of the war in July 1861. Seeking refuge
from the fighting, McClean decided to move out of the
Washington-Richmond corridor to try to avoid the fighting that
would surely take place there. He moved to Appomattox Court House
only to see the war end in his home. Although there were still
Confederate armies in the field, the war was officially over. Four
years of bloodshed had left a devastating mark on the country:
360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederate soldiers had perished during
the Civil War.
April 14, 1865
- President Lincoln was shot and mortally wounded by John Wilkes
Booth while attending the comedy "Our American Cousin" (Laura
Keene's acclaimed performance) at Ford's Theater in Washington,
DC. At about 9:30 P.M., the President, while sitting in his
private box with Mrs. Lincoln, New York Senator Ira Harris and
Major Henry Rathbone, a young army officer, and his fiancee, Clara
Harris (daughter of Ira Harris), was shot by an assassin, who
suddenly entered the box (Lincoln's guard assigned by the theater
to protect the president, John Parker, was not there because he
had gotten bored with the play and left his post to get a beer
across the street, left the door to the presidential box
unlocked), appeared behind the President and shot him with a
single .44-caliber bullet in the back of his head. The pistol ball
entered the back of the President's head and penetrated nearly
through the head. Slashing an army officer who rushed at him,
Booth jumped to the stage and shouted "Sic semper tyrannis! [Thus
always to tyrants]--the South is avenged!" Although Booth had
broken his left leg jumping from Lincoln's box, he made his escape
in the rear of the theatre and succeeded in escaping Washington.
Lincoln died the next day - first U.S. president to be
assassinated. The attack came only five days after Confederate
General Robert E. Lee surrendered his massive army at Appomattox,
effectively ending the American Civil War. Booth plotted the
simultaneous assassination of Lincoln, Vice President Andrew
Johnson, and Secretary of State William H. Seward. By murdering
the president and two of his possible successors, Booth and his
conspirators hoped to throw the U.S. government into a paralyzing
disarray. Lewis T. Powell burst into Secretary of State Seward's
home, seriously wounding him and three others (Seward eventually
recovered), while George A. Atzerodt, assigned to Vice President
Johnson, lost his nerve and fled. Booth rode to Virginia with
David Herold and stopped at the home of Dr. Samuel Mudd, who
placed splints on Booth's legs. They hid in a barn on Richard
Garrett's farm near Bowling Green, Virginia; April 26
- died from a possibly self-inflicted bullet wound as the barn
was burned to the ground; other conspirators were captured, except
for John Surratt, who fled to Canada. July 17 -
George Atzerodt, Lewis Paine, David Herold, and John Surratt's
mother, Mary, were hanged in Washington. Four others were jailed.
Surratt was eventually tracked down in Egypt and brought back to
trial, but he managed, with the help of clever lawyers, to win an
acquittal. April 19 - Lincoln's funeral was held
before a funeral train carried his body back to his hometown of
Springfield, Illinois. May 4 - He and his son,
Willie, who died in the White House of typhoid fever in 1862, were
interred.
April 14, 1865
- Abraham Lincoln approved a proposal to create the Secret
Service, under the guidance of U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Hugh
McCulloch, to fight the rise of counterfeit cash, rather than to
protect the president; 1894 - provided protection
for the president (Grover Cleveland), though it was then an
informal and part-time arrangement; 1901 -
presidential protection was officially adopted as one of the
agency's chief duties (after assassination of William McKinley);
1902 - became the official security detail for the
White House; 2003 - President George W. Bush put
Secret Service under the jurisdiction of the Department of
Homeland Security (from Treasury).
April 17, 1865
- Mary Surratt is arrested as a conspirator in Lincoln's
assassination.
April 19, 1865
- President Lincoln's funeral. His body lay in the East Room of
the White House, where members of the Supreme Court, Congressional
leaders, diplomats, and military leaders filed by. The casket was
then moved to the rotunda of the Capitol, where thousands paid
respect to their martyred leader.
April 21, 1865
-A train carrying the coffin of assassinated President Abraham
Lincoln leaves Washington, D.C. on its way to Springfield,
Illinois, where he would be buried on May 4; traveled through 180
cities and seven states on its way to Lincoln’s home state of
Illinois; train was dubbed "The Lincoln Special." (His portrait
was fastened to the front of the engine above the cattle guard).
Approximately 300 people accompanied Lincoln’s body on the
1,654-mile journey, including his eldest son Robert. Also on the
train was a coffin containing the body of Lincoln’s son Willie,
who had died in 1862 at the age of 11 of typhoid fever during
Lincoln’s second year in office; 1911 - a prairie
fire near Minneapolis, Minnesota, destroyed the train car that had
carried Lincoln’s body.
April 26, 1865
- John Wilkes Booth (26), the assassin of President Abraham
Lincoln, was surrounded and killed by federal troops near Bowling
Green, VA. While staying at the farm of Richard Garrett, Federal
troops arrived on their search but soon rode on. The unsuspecting
Garrett allowed his suspicious guests to sleep in his barn, but he
instructed his son to lock the barn from the outside to prevent
the strangers from stealing his horses. A tip led the Union
soldiers back to the Garrett farm, where they discovered Booth and
Herold in the barn. Herold came out, but Booth refused. The
building was set on fire to flush Booth, but he was shot while
still inside. He lived for three hours before gazing at his hands,
muttering "Useless, useless," as he died.
May 4, 1865 - Abraham Lincoln is laid to rest in his
hometown of Springfield, Illinois.
July 7, 1865 - President Andrew Johnson signs an
executive order that confirms the military conviction of a group
of people who had conspired to kill the late President Abraham
Lincoln; Johnson ordered four of the guilty to be executed. Mary Surratt is
first woman to be executed in the
United States for her alleged role as a
conspirator in Abraham Lincoln's assassination , owned a tavern in
Surrattsville (now Clinton), Maryland, had to convert her row
house in Washington, DC, into a boardinghouse as a result of
financial difficulties - served as the place where a group of
Confederate supporters, including John Wilkes Booth, conspired to
assassinate the president.
July 7, 1865 - Mary Surratt is executed by the U.S.
government for her role as a conspirator in Abraham Lincoln's
assassination; first woman executed by U.S. federal government.
April 10, 1887 - President Abraham Lincoln re-buried
with his wife in Springfield, Illinois.
February 12,
1892 - President Abraham Lincoln's birthday was declared a
national holiday.
Stephen E. Ambrose (1962).
Halleck: Lincoln's Chief of Staff.
(Louisiana State University Press: Baton Rouge, LA, 226 p.).
Professor of History (University of New Orleans). Halleck, H. W.
(Henry Wager), 1815-1872; United States -- History -- Civil War,
1861-1865 -- Campaigns.
Herman Belz (1998).
Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil
War Era. (New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 265 p.).
Professor of History (University of Maryland). Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 --Views on the Constitution; Constitutional
history--United States; African Americans--Civil
rights--History--19th century; Equality before the law--United
States--History--19th century; Reconstruction (U.S. history,
1865-1877); United States--Politics and government--1861-1865.
Gabor S. Boritt (1978).
Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream. (Memphis,
TN: Memphis State University Press, 420 p.). Director, Civil War
Institute (Gettysburg College). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Views on economics; United States--Economic conditions--To 1865;
United States--Economic policy--To 1933.
--- (2006).
The Gettysburg Gospel: The Lincoln Speech That Nobody Knows.
(New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 415 p.). Director, Civil War
Institute (Gettysburg College). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865.
Gettysburg address; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; Gettysburg
(Pa.)--History--19th century. How the
remarks that were quickly forgotten took on a new life decades
later and became the most famous speech in American history.
ed. Courtlandt Canby (1958).
Lincoln and the Civil War; A
Profile and a History. (New York, NY: Dell Pub. Co., 416 p.).
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; United States--History--Civil War,
1861-1865.
Richard J. Carwardine (2003).
Lincoln.
Richard Carwardine (2006). Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and
Power. (New York, NY: Knopf, 416 p.). Rhodes Professor of
American History (Oxford University). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1
Richard Carwardine (2006).
Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power. (New York, NY:
Knopf, 416 p.). Rhodes Professor of American History (Oxford
University). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; Presidents--United
States--Biography; United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865;
United States--Politics and government--1861-1865; United
States--Politics and government--1815-1861.
Thomas J. Craughwell (2007).
Stealing Lincoln’s Body. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 288 p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Tomb;
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Family; Grave
robbing--Illinois--Springfield--History--19th century; Crime and
the press--United States--History--19th century; Grave
robbing--United States--History--19th century; Counterfeits and
counterfeiting--United States--History--19th century; Irish
American criminals--History--19th century.
On the night of the presidential election in 1876, a gang of
counterfeiters out of Chicago attempted to steal the entombed
embalmed body of Abraham Lincoln and hold it for ransom.
Ollinger Crenshaw (1945).
The Slave States in the
Presidential Election of 1860. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
Press, 332 p.). Presidents--United States--Election--1860; United
States--Politics and government--1857-1861; Southern
States--Politics and government--1775-1865.
Richard N. Current (1958).
The Lincoln Nobody Knows.
(New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 314 p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Miscellanea; Presidents--United States--Biography--Miscellanea.
William C. Davis (1999).
Lincoln’s Men: How President Lincoln Became Father to an Army and
a Nation. (New York, NY: Free Press, 315 p.). Lincoln,
Abraham, 1809-1865 --Relations with soldiers; Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 --Military leadership; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Public opinion; Soldiers--United States--Correspondence;
Soldiers--United States--Diaries; Public opinion--United
States--History--19th century; United States--History--Civil War,
1861-1865--Personal narratives.
John Patrick Diggins (2000).
On Hallowed Ground: Abraham
Lincoln and the Foundations of American History. (New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press, 330 p.). Distinguished Professor of
History (Graduate Center of the City University of New York).
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Influence; Political culture--United
States; Liberalism--United States; Enlightenment--United States;
United States--History--Philosophy; United States--Intellectual
life; United States--Politics and government--Philosophy.
Brian Dirck (2007).
Lincoln the Lawyer. (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois
Press, 208 p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Career in law;
Lawyers--Illinois--Biography; Presidents--United
States--Biography. Origins of Lincoln's desire to
practice law, his legal education, his partnerships, his
far-flung practice, merits as an attorney; clientele, his circuit practice, views on
legal ethics; how Lincoln charged his clients, how he was paid, how he
addressed judge and jury.
David Herbert Donald (1995).
Lincoln. (New York, NY:
Simon & Schuster, 714 p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865;
Presidents--United States--Biography.
David Herbert Donald with an introduction by Carl Sandburg
(1948).
Lincoln's Herndon. (New York, NY: Knopf, 392 p.).
Herndon, William Henry, 1818-1891; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--As a lawyer. Lincoln's law partner.
Eds. David Herbert Donald and Harold Holzer (2005).
Lincoln in The Times: The Life of Abraham Lincoln, as Originally
Reported in the New York Times. (New York, NY: St.
Martin’s Press, 413 p.). Charles Warren Professor of American
History and American Civilization Emeritus (Harvard University);
Senior Vice President at The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Lincoln,
Abraham, 1809-1865; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Relations with
journalists; Presidents--United States--Biography;
Presidents--Press coverage--United States; United States--Politics
and government--1861-1865--Sources; United States--History--Civil
War, 1861-1865--Sources; United States--History--Civil War,
1861-1865--Press coverage.
Julie M. Fenster (2007).
The Case of Abraham Lincoln: A Story of Adultery, Murder, and the
Making of a Great President. (New York, NY: Palgrave
Macmillan, 256 p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Career in law;
Anderson, George, d. 1856 --Death and burial; Trials
(Murder)--Illinois--Springfield;
Poisoning--Illinois--Springfield--History--19th century;
Adultery--Illinois--Springfield--History--19th century;
Presidents--United States--Biography; Springfield
(Ill.)--Biography. 1856 - Anderson case defined Lincoln's legal career; Lincoln's legal skills as a defender were challenged as never
before and he was finally able to prove himself as a man with a
great destiny.
Andrew Ferguson (2007).
Land of Lincoln:
Adventures in Abe's America. (New York, NY: Atlantic Monthly
Press. Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Influence; Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 --Public opinion; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Miscellanea; Ferguson, Andrew, 1956- --Travel--United States;
Presidents--United States--Biography--Miscellanea; Public
opinion--United States; United States--Description and travel.
Curiosity-fueled coast-to-coast journey
through contemporary Lincoln Nation, everything from hatred to
adoration to opportunism.
Emerson David Fite (1911).
The Presidential Campaign of 1860. (New York, NY: The
Macmillan Company, 356 p.). Professor of Political Science
(Vassar); Presidents--United States--Election--1860; United
States--Politics and government--1857-1861.
Eric Foner, Olivia Mahoney (1990).
A House Divided: America
in the Age of Lincoln. (New York, NY: Norton, 179 p.).
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Exhibitions; Chicago Historical
Society--Exhibitions; United
States--History--1849-1877--Exhibitions; United
States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Exhibitions.
George M. Fredrickson (2008).
Big Enough To Be Inconsistent: Abraham Lincoln Confronts Slavery
and Race. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 156
p.). Edgar E. Robinson Professor of United States History Emeritus
(Stanford University). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Political and
social views; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Relations with African
Americans; Slavery--Political aspects--United
States--History--19th century; African Americans--Civil
rights--History--19th century; States’ rights (American
politics)--History--19th century; Federal government--United
States--History--19th century; Presidents--United
States--Biography. Most controversial aspect
of Lincoln’s thought and politics—his attitudes, actions regarding
slavery and race; most comprehensive and even-handed account
available of Lincoln’s contradictory treatment of black Americans
in matters of slavery in the South and basic civil rights in the
North.
William E. Gienapp (2002).
Abraham Lincoln and Civil War
America: A Biography. (New York, NY: Oxford University Press,
239 p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Military leadership; Presidents--United States--Biography;
United States--Politics and government--1861-1865.
Thomas Goodrich (2005).
The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American Tragedy.
(Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 362 p.). Lincoln,
Abraham, 1809-1865 --Assassination; Booth, John Wilkes, 1838-1865.
Doris Kearns Goodwin (2005).
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln.
(New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 944 p.). Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Friends and associates;
Political leadership--United States--Case studies; Genius--Case
studies; Presidents--United States--Biography; United
States--Politics and government--1861-1865.
Allen C. Guelzo (1999).
Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President.
(Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 516 p.). Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 --Philosophy; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Political
and social views; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Religion;
Presidents--United States--Biography.
--- (2004).
Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America.
(New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 332 p.). Grace Ferguson Kea
Professor of American History (Eastern University, St. David's,
PA). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; United States. President
(1861-1865 : Lincoln). Emancipation Proclamation;
Slaves--Emancipation--United States.
Emancipation Proclamation and the myths surrounding it. Story of the complicated web of
statesmen, judges, slaves, and soldiers who accompanied, and
obstructed, Abraham Lincoln on the path to the Proclamation.
--- (2008).
Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates that Defined America.
(New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 416 p.). Grace Ferguson Kea
Professor of American History (Eastern University, St. David's,
PA). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Political and social views.;
Douglas, Stephen Arnold, 1813-1861 --Political and social views;
Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Ill., 1858; United States--Politics and
government--1857-1861; Illinois--Politics and government--To 1865.
What carried this one-term congressman from obscurity to fame
was the campaign he mounted for the United States Senate against
the country's most formidable politician, Stephen A. Douglas, in the
summer and fall of 1858.
William C. Harris (1997).
With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union.
(Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 354 p.). Professor
Emeritus of History (North Carolina State University). Lincoln,
Abraham, 1809-1865; Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877);
United States--Politics and government--1861-1865.
--- (2004).
Lincoln’s Last Months. (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of
Harvard University Press, 303 p.). Professor Emeritus of History
(North Carolina State University). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865;
Presidents--United States--Biography; United States--Politics and
government--1861-1865. Last six months of the Lincoln story, from
Lincoln's reelection to his assassination, which allows for more
detail and insight into the Lincoln presidency than a standard
biography or even a presidential history could devote.
--- (2007).
Lincoln’s Rise to the Presidency. (Lawrence, KS:
University Press of Kansas,, 412 p.). Professor Emeritus of
History (North Carolina State University). Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 --Political career before 1861; Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 --Childhood and youth; Presidents--United
States--Biography; Legislators--Illinois--Biography;
Illinois--Politics and government--To 1865. How
Lincoln's his remarkable political
acumen and leadership skills evolved during the intense partisan
conflict in pre-Civil War Illinois; increasingly driven not so
much by his own ambitions as by his antislavery sentiments and his
fear for the republic in the hands of Douglas Democrats.
Frederick Trevor Hill (1986).
Lincoln The Lawyer.
(Littleton, CO: F.B. Rothman, 332 p. (Reprint 1906 ed.)). Lincoln,
Abraham, 1809-1865; Lawyers--Illinois--Biography;
Presidents--United States--Biography.
Ed. Harold Holzer (1999).
Lincoln as I Knew Him: Gossip,
Tributes and Revelations From His Best Friends and Worst Enemies.
(Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 269 p.). Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 --Anecdotes; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Friends and
associates--Anecdotes; Presidents--United
States--Biography--Anecdotes.
Harold Holzer (2004).
Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech
that Made Abraham Lincoln President. (New York, NY: Simon &
Schuster, 352 p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Oratory; Lincoln,
Abraham, 1809-1865 --Views on slavery; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Political career before 1861; Cooper Union for the Advancement
of Science and Art; Speeches, addresses, etc., American--New York
(State)--New York; United States--Politics and
government--1857-1861.
Eds. Harold Holzer and Sara Vaughn Gabbard; foreword by Joan L.
Flinspach (2007).
Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth
Amendment. (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University
Press, 320 p.). Cochairman of the U.S. Lincoln Bicentennial
Commission, Senior Vice President for External Affairs at the
Metropolitan Museum of Art; Vice President and Director of
Development at The Lincoln Museum. Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Political and social views; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Relations with African Americans; United States. President
(1861-1865 : Lincoln). Emancipation Proclamation; United States.
Constitution. 13th Amendment--History;
Slaves--Emancipation--United States; United States--Politics and
government--1861-1865. Profiles the individuals, events, and
enactments that led to slavery’s abolition; presents Abraham
Lincoln’s response to the issue of slavery as politician,
president, writer, orator, and commander-in-chief; explores
slavery as a Constitutional issue, both from the viewpoint of the
original intent of the nation’s founders as they failed to deal
with slavery, and as a study of the Constitutional authority of
the commander-in-chief as Lincoln interpreted it. Fifteen leading
Lincoln scholars contribute to this collection, covering slavery
from its roots in 1619 Jamestown, through the adoption of the
Constitution, to Abraham Lincoln’s presidency.
Michael W. Kauffman (2004).
American Brutus: John Wilkes
Booth and the Lincoln Conspiracies. (New York, NY: Random
House, 508 p.). A Foremost Lincoln Assassination Authority.
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Assassination; Booth, John Wilkes,
1838-1865.
William K. Klingaman (2001).
Abraham Lincoln and the Road to
Emancipation, 1861-1865. (New York, NY: Viking, 344 p.).
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 -- Views on slavery; Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 -- Relations with Afro-Americans; United States;
President (1861-1865 : Lincoln). Emancipation Proclamation; Slaves
-- Emancipation -- United States; African Americans -- Legal
status, laws, etc. -- History -- 19th century; United States --
Politics and government -- 1861-1865; United States -- Race
relations; Whites -- United States -- Attitudes -- History -- 19th
century.
Michael Lind (200).
What Lincoln Believed: The Values and Convictions of America's
Greatest President. (New York, NY: Doubleday, 512 p.).
Whitehead Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation in
Washington, D.C. Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Political and
social views ; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Philosophy; Social
values--United States; Presidents--United States--Biography;
United States--Politics and government--1861-1865.
David E. Long (1994).
The Jewel of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln’s Re-election and the End of
Slavery. (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 368 p.
[orig. pub. 1994]). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865;
Presidents--United States--Election--1864; United States--Politics
and government--1861-1865.
Harry J. Maihafer (2001).
War of Words: Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War Press.
(Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 296 p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Relations with journalists; Press and politics--United
States--History--19th century--Sources; Public relations--United
States--History--19th century; United States--History--Civil War,
1861-1865--Journalists; United States--History--Civil War,
1861-1865--Press coverage; United States--Politics and
government--1861-1865.
William Marvel (2006).
Mr. Lincoln Goes to War. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin,
432 p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Military leadership; United States--History--Civil War,
1861-1865. How the Civil War
began, was it inevitable?
Brian McGinty (2008).
Lincoln and the Court. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 375 p.). United States. Supreme Court--History; United
States. Supreme Court--Biography; Constitutional history--United
States. History of Civil War president's relations with nation's
highest tribunal, role it played in resolving agonizing issues
raised by the conflict. Civil War was, on one level, a struggle between competing
visions of constitutional law, represented on the one side by
Lincoln's insistence that the United States was a permanent Union
of one people united by a "supreme law," and on the other by
Jefferson Davis's argument that the United States was a compact of
sovereign states whose legal ties could be dissolved at any time
and for any reason, subject only to the judgment of the dissolving
states that the cause for dissolution was sufficient. Lincoln steered the war-torn nation on a sometimes uncertain, but
ultimately triumphant, path to victory, saving the Union, freeing
the slaves, and preserving the Constitution for future
generations.
William Lee Miller (2008).
President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman. (New York. NY:
Alfred A. Knopf, 512 p.). Scholar in Ethics and Institutions at
the Miller Center of Public Affairs (University of Virginia).
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Military leadership; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Ethics;
Political leadership--United States--Case studies; Command of
troops--Case studies; Presidents--United States--Biography; United
States--Politics and government--1861-1865; United
States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865; United
States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Moral and ethical aspects.
"Ethical biography." Amiable and
inexperienced backcountry politician transformed by constitutional
alchemy into an oath-bound head of state, slapped in the face from
the first minute of his presidency by decisions of the utmost
gravity and confronted by the radical moral contradiction left by
the nation’s Founders: universal ideals of Equality and Liberty
and the monstrous injustice of human slavery.
Ed. and Narrated by Herbert Mitgang (1956).
Lincoln as They
Saw Him. (New York, NY: Rhinehart, 519 p.). Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865. A biography fashioned from contemporary sources--pro
and con--which reveals with uncommon clarity the problems of a
great man in his own times.
Ed. Herbert Mitgang (1989).
Abraham Lincoln: A Press
Portrait. (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 519 p.
[orig. pub. 1971]). Former Member of New York Times Editorial
Board. Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Relations with journalists; Presidents--United
States--Biography; Press and politics--United
States--History--19th century--Sources; United States--Politics
and government--1845-1861--Sources; United States--Politics and
government--1861-1865--Sources.
Jan Morris (2000).
Lincoln: A Foreigner's Quest. (New
York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 205 p.). English Travel Writer.
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Public
opinion; Morris, Jan, 1926- --Journeys--Illinois; Morris, Jan,
1926- --Journeys--Indiana; Morris, Jan, 1926-
--Journeys--Kentucky; Presidents--United States--Biography; Public
opinion--United States--History--19th century; Public
opinion--United States--History--20th century; Lincoln Heritage
Trail--Description and travel. Snapshot biography and amateur tour
of Lincoln's career.
David A. Nichols (1978).
Lincoln and the Indians: Civil War Policy and Politics.
(Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 223 p.). Lincoln,
Abraham, 1809-1865 --Relations with Indians of North America.;
Indians of North America--Government relations; United
States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865.
James Oakes (2007).
The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham
Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics. (New
York, NY: Norton, 328 p.). Professor of History at the Graduate
Center (City University of New York). Douglass, Frederick,
1818-1895; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865.; African American
abolitionists--Biography; Presidents--United States--Biography;
Slavery--Political aspects--United States--History--19th century;
Antislavery movements--United States--History--19th century;
Friendship--United States--Case studies; United States--Politics
and government--1861-1865; United States--Politics and
government--1857-1861; United States--Race
relations--History--19th century. Opponents
at first, they gradually became allies. Their three meetings in
the White House signaled a profound shift in the direction of the
Civil War, and in the fate of the United States.
Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer (1904). Abraham Lincoln.
(Philadelphia, PA: G.W. Jacobs & Company, 389 p.). Lincoln,
Abraham, 1809-1865. Series: American crisis biographies.
Geoffrey Perret (2004).
Lincoln’s War: The Untold Story of America’s Greatest President as
Commander in Chief. (New York, NY: Random House, 470 p.).
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Military leadership; Executive
power--United States--History--19th century; United
States--Politics and government--1861-1865; United
States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865; United
States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Biography.
Merrill D. Peterson (1994).
Lincoln in American Memory.
(New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 482 p.). Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 --Influence.
David Morris. Potter (1995).
Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis. (Baton
Rouge, LA: Louisiana State Press, 408 p. [orig. pub. 1942]).
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; Republican Party (U.S. : 1854- );
United States--Politics and government--1857-1861.
Months
between the election of Lincoln and the fall of Fort Sumter.
Republicans' attitudes to the threat of secession, their reaction
to the actual withdrawal of the southern states, their faith that
the Union could be restored without violence.
Benjamin Quarles (1962).
Lincoln and the Negro. (New
York, NY: Oxford University Press, 275 p.). Professor Emeritus of
History (Morgan State University). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Relations with Afro-Americans; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Views on slavery; Afro-Americans--History--To 1863;
Slavery--United States.
Heather Cox Richardson (1997).
The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies
During the Civil War. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 342 p.). Associate Professor of American History (MIT).
Republican Party (U.S. : 1854- )--History; United States--Economic
policy--To 1933; United States--Economic conditions--To 1865;
United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865.
Joshua Wolf Shenk (2005).
Lincoln's Melancholy: How Depression Challenged a President and
Fueled His Greatness. (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 350
p.). Washington Monthly contributor. Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Psychology; Presidents--United States--Biography.
James F. Simon (2006).
Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney: Slavery, Secession, and the
President’s War Powers. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster,
352 p.). Martin Professor of Law, Dean Emeritus (New York Law
School). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; Taney, Roger Brooke,
1777-1864; Slavery--Law and legislation--United States--History;
Executive power--United States--History; War and emergency
powers--United States--History; Secession--United States--History.
Clashes between President Abraham Lincoln
and Chief Justice Roger B. Taney over slavery, secession,
president's constitutional war powers went to the heart of
Lincoln's presidency.
James L. Swanson (2006).
Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln's Killers. (New
York, NY: Morrow, 464 p.). Scholar (Heritage Foundation). Lincoln,
Abraham, 1809-1865 --Assassination; Booth, John Wilkes, 1838-1865;
Fugitives from justice--United States--Case studies;
Assassination--Investigation--United States--Case studies;
Criminal investigation--United States--Case studies.
Greatest manhunt in American history.
James L. Swanson and Daniel R. Weinberg (2001).
Lincoln’s Assassins: Their Trial and Execution. (New York,
NY: Arena Editions, 144 p. [orig. pub. 2001]). Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 --Assassination; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Assassination--Pictorial works; Trials (Assassination)--United
States--History--19th century; Trials (Assassination)--United
States--History--19th century--Pictorial works; Assassins--United
States--History--19th century; Assassins--United
States--History--19th century--Pictorial works.
Benjamin P. Thomas (1952).
Abraham Lincoln: A Biography. (New York, NY,: Knopf, 548
p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865.
Hans L. Trefousse (2005).
First Among Equals: Abraham Lincoln’s Reputation During His
Administration. (New York, NY: Fordham University Press,
199 p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Public opinion; Public
opinion--United States--History--19th century; United
States--Politics and government--1861-1865. Contents: Introduction
-- Nomination and election, 1860-1861 -- The first year -- The
second year: sustaining popularity -- Defeat and victory --
Renomination and reelection -- Triumph and assassination.
C. A. Tripp (2004).
The Intimate World of Abraham Lincoln.
(New York, NY: Free Press, 384 p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Psychology; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Friends and
associates; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Relations with women;
Presidents--United States--Biography; Intimacy (Psychology)--Case
studies; Character--Case studies.
Gore Vidal (1984).
Lincoln : A Novel. (New York, NY:
Random House, 657 p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Fiction;
Presidents--United States--Fiction. Biographical fiction.
Jennifer L. Weber (2006).
Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln’s Opponents in the North.
(New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 304 p.). Assistant Professor of
History (University of Kansas). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Adversaries; Democratic Party (U.S.)--History--19th century;
Copperhead movement; Dissenters--United States--History--19th
century; United States--History--Civil War, 1861-1865--Protest
movements; United States--Politics and government--1861-1865.
Anti-war Democrats, nicknamed "Copperheads,
came perilously close to defeating Lincoln and ending the war in
the South's favor.
Ronald C. White, Jr. (2002).
Lincoln's Greatest Speech: The
Second Inaugural. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 254 p.).
Professor of American Religious History. Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 --Inauguration, 1865; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Oratory; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Literary art;
Presidents--United States--Inaugural addresses; Speeches,
addresses, etc., American--History and criticism. A
--- (2005).
Lincoln's American Eloquence. (New York, NY:
Random House, 448 p.). Professor of American Intellectual and
Religious History (San Francisco Theological Seminary). Lincoln,
Abraham, 1809-1865; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Oratory;
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Correspondence; Presidents--United
States--Biography; Eloquence--Case studies; Rhetoric--Political
aspects--United States--Case studies; Speeches, addresses, etc.,
American--History and criticism; American letters--History and
criticism; United States--Politics and government--1861-1865.
Garry Wills (1992).
Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that
Remade America. (New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 317 p.).
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865. Gettysburg address; Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 --Oratory.
Douglas L. Wilson (1998).
Honor’s Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln. (New
York, NY: Knopf, 383 p.). Saunders Director of the International
Center for Jefferson Studies at Monticello (Charlottesville,
Virginia). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 --Political career before
1861; Presidents--United States--Biography; Illinois--Politics and
government--To 1865. Crucial years between 1831 and 1842
-individual behind the
legends.
Douglas L. Wilson (2006).
Lincoln’s Sword. (New York, NY: Knopf, 352 p.). Codirector
of the Lincoln Studies Center (Knox College). Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865 --Literary art; Presidents--United States--Biography;
English language--19th century--Style. How
Lincoln developed his writing skills, how they served him for a
time as a hidden presidential asset, how it gradually became clear
that he possessed a formidable literary talent, and it reveals how
writing came to play an increasingly important role in his
presidency.
Selected and edited by Paul M. Zall (1999).
Lincoln on
Lincoln. (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 198
p.). Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865; Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865
--Psychology; Presidents--United States--Biography. Anthology
culled from speeches and letters.
_____________________________________________________
LINKS
Abraham Lincoln Book Shop
http://www.abrahamlincolnbookshop.com/
Since 1938 the Abraham Lincoln Book Shop has specialized in the
buying, selling, and the appraising of books, autographs,
manuscripts, photographs, weaponry, statuary, oil paintings,
prints, and allied materials associated with American military and
political history. 159 books in "essential Lincoln library".
Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/malhome.html
The complete Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress
consists of approximately 20,000 items, including correspondence
and enclosures, drafts of speeches, and notes and printed
material. Most of the items are from the 1850s through Lincoln's
presidential years. However, there are some documents from
Lincoln's term as a member of the House of Representatives
(1847-49) related to the Mexican War and its aftermath.
Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum
http://www.alincolnlibrary.com
This site includes information about this Springfield, Illinois,
facility and its architecture, a Kids Page with background
information about Lincoln, material about Lincoln's family,
selections of Lincoln's wit, a chronology, a bibliography, and
links to additional resources. Subjects: Lincoln, Abraham,
1809-1865...
C-Span: Lincoln 200 Years [Real Player]
http://www.c-span.org/lincoln200years/
February 12, 2009 - 200th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth.
, C-SPAN network will commemorate this important date. Materials
on the site are divided into five sections: 1) "Schedule", 2)
"Timeline", 3) "Video", 4) "In His Own Words", and 5) "Gallery".
The "Timeline" offers a brief overview of important events in
Lincoln's life; "Video" area brings together programming from
C-SPAN related to Lincoln, including interviews with scholars,
performance artists, and others. "In his Own Words" offers
transcripts of his most notable works, including his speech at
Cooper Union, the Gettysburg Address, and the Lincoln-Douglas
debates. Visitors can also watch a video "bio-vignette" of Lincoln
and peruse some of the external links provided on the right-hand
side of the page.
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/
The Abraham Lincoln Association published "The Collected Works of
Abraham Lincoln" in 1953. In total, there were eight volumes, and
they included Lincoln’s correspondence, speeches, and other
writings. Recently, the University of Michigan’s Digital Library
Production Service digitized all eight volumes and placed them
online here for the benefit of historians, rhetoricians, and those
who are generally enamored of the 16th President.
Emancipation Proclamation
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/almintr.html
Small exhibit on the Emancipation Proclamation, issued by Abraham
Lincoln at the beginning of 1863 during the Civil War. Includes an
essay about Lincoln and slavery, timeline, and images of versions
of the document. Part of a Library of Congress American Memory
Project presentation about the papers of Abraham Lincoln.
Ford's Theatre National Historic Site
http://www.nps.gov/archive/foth/index2.htm
Material about this theater in Washington, DC, where Abraham
Lincoln was shot on April 14, 1865, and about John Wilkes Booth,
the man who assassinated him. Includes historical data and photos
of the theater, a map of Booth's escape route, a history of
Booth's life, images of the chair Lincoln was sitting in and the
gun used to shoot him, and more. From the National Park Service
(NPS).
The Lincoln Institute
http://www.abrahamlincoln.org/
With a long-standing interest and passion for Lincolnania, Lewis
Lehrman created The Lincoln Institute, which is dedicated to
providing assistance to scholars and groups interested in the
study of the life of President Abraham Lincoln. Over the past few
years, the website for the Institute has grown to include a number
of very fine online exhibits that explore various aspects of Mr.
Lincoln’s life. With simple and declarative titles, such as "Mr.
Lincoln’s White House", "Mr. Lincoln and Friends", and "Mr.
Lincoln and New York", these online exhibits provide an entry into
understanding Lincoln’s relationships with these places and tropes
that dominated his life. The interactive exhibit exploring
Lincoln’s time in New York (and with notable New Yorkers) is quite
a pip, and it includes a section that allows users to learn about
where Lincoln spent his time in this bustling metropolis.
Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project
http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu
This digital collection "presents historical materials from
Abraham Lincoln's Illinois years (1830-1861), including Lincoln's
writings and speeches, as well as other materials illuminating
antebellum Illinois." Also provides a biography of the 16th U.S.
president, lesson plans, and collections on themes such as
frontier settlement and law and society. From Northern Illinois
University Libraries. New York City Draft Riots, July 1863
http://www.virtualny.cuny.edu/draftriots/Intro/draft_riot_intro_set.html
This illustrated presentation recounts the events of the
New York City Draft Riots of July 1863, violent reactions to U.S.
Civil War draft legislation and related political and social
tensions. Includes maps showing the locations of events in
Manhattan. From the New Media Lab, City University of New York
(CUNY). |
